COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF PV BATTERY

CHARGING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

WITH HIGH GAIN CONVERTERS
PRESENTED BY,
KARTHIKEYAN M (180901051)
MOHANRAJ A (180901066)
MOHIT KUMAR P (180901067)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF,

JAYASHREE K,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Rajalakshmi Engineering College.
1
 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
With rapidly evolving technology of Electric Vehicles (EVs), the
battery has emerged as the most prominent energy storage device.
Thus, Battery Management Systems (BMSs) are used in many
battery-operated industrial and commercial systems to make battery
operation more efficient. Hence it is important to improve the
performance of the Battery Management System to make the
battery a safe, reliable and cost-efficient solution. The specific
performance parameters in Electric Vehicle Battery Management
Systems, such as State of Charge (SOC), intensifies the need for a
more efficient Battery Management System. Thus, the use of a
proper Battery Management System leads to an increased lifetime
and safer operation of the battery.
2
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

1.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY

1.4 OBJECTIVES

3
 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
• Growing concern of carbon dioxide emissions, greenhouse
effects and rapid depletion of fossil fuels raise the necessity
to produce and adopt new eco-friendly sustainable
alternatives to the internal combustion engine (ICE) driven
vehicles.
• For this reason, in the last decade, Electric Vehicles (EVs)
have become more important. It is estimated that by 2022,
EVs will be over 35 million in the World.
• For developing electric vehicles with high performance and
good reliability, the traction batteries have to be managed to
obtain maximum performance under various operating
condition.

4
 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED)
• Enhancement of battery performance can be accomplished by
implementing a BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)
that plays an important role in optimizing the control
mechanism of charge and discharge of the batteries as well as
monitoring the battery status.
• Thus, Battery storage forms the most important part of any
electric vehicle (EV) as it store the necessary energy for the
operation of EV.
• It monitors the parameters, determine SOC, and provide
necessary services to ensure safe operation of battery. Hence,
our idea is to integrate local power generation such as
renewable energy sources(RESs) into the EV charging
infrastructure.
5
 1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
Battery Management Systems in Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles (2011)
By YinJiao Xing, Eden W. M. Ma, Kwok L. Tsui and Michael Pecht.
The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component
of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The purpose of the BMS
is to guarantee safe and reliable battery operation. To maintain
the safety and reliability of the battery, state monitoring and
evaluation, charge control, and cell balancing are functionalities
that have been implemented in BMS. As an electrochemical
product, a battery acts differently under different operational
and environmental conditions. The uncertainty of a battery’s
performance poses a challenge to the implementation of these
functions. This paper addresses concerns for current BMSs.

6
A critical review of electric vehicle charging
using solar photovoltaic(2015)
By Abdul Rauf Bhatti, Zainal Salam, Mohd Junaidi Bin Abdul Aziz,
Kong Pui Yee
The application of renewable sources such as solar photovoltaic
(PV) to charge electric vehicle (EV) is an interesting option that
offers numerous technical and economic opportunities. By
combining the emission-free EV with the low carbon PV power
generation, the problems related to the greenhouse gases due to
the internal combustion engines can be reduced. Over the years,
numerous papers, including several review work, have been
published on EV charging using the grid electricity.
State of charge, state of health, and state of
function monitoring for EV BMS(2017)
By Zong-You Hou, Pang-Yen Lou and Chua-Chin Wang
The computation and monitoring of three key indices, namely, state
of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and state of function (SOF)
for EV (electrical vehicle) BMS (battery management system) are
proposed in this work. Because most of SOC definitions are directly
related to nominal capacity, the accuracy of residual capacity is
doubtful. Therefore, the SOC is redefined by present maximum
capacity to reduce the error of the SOC estimation. The
measurement of the proposed SOC demonstrates that the maximum
error is 0.334 %. Moreover, this paper also proposes SOF based on
SOC and SOH to reveal the driving power of the system.

8
 Advanced EV Fast Charging Technology (2019) by,
Ryan Collin . Yu Miao Alex Yokochi Prasad Enjeti and Annette
von Jouanne
Negative impacts from the dominant use of petroleum-based
transportation have propelled the globe towards electrified
transportation. With this thrust, many technological challenges
are being encountered and addressed, one of which is the
development and availability of fast-charging technologies. To
compete with petroleum-based transportation, electric vehicle
(EV).This paper provides a review of EV fast-
charging technologies and the impacts on the battery systems,
including heat management and associated limitations. In
addition, the paper presents promising new approaches and
opportunities for power electronic converter topologies and
systems level research to advance the state-of-the-art in fast-
charging.
9
Low voltage BMS with Internal adaptive
charger & fuzzy logic controller (2020) by,
Omer Faruk Goksu, Ahmet Yigit Arabul and
Revna Acar Vural
Lithium ion (Li-Ion) and lithium polymer (Li-Po) batteries need to
be used within certain voltage/current limits. Failure to observe
these limits may result in damage to the battery. In this work, we
propose a low voltage battery management system (LV-BMS)
that balances the processes of the battery cells in the battery
pack and the activating-deactivating of cells by guaranteeing that
the operation is within these limits. The system operates
autonomously and provides energy from the internal battery. It
has a modular structure and the software is designed to control
the charging and discharging of eight battery cells at most.
10
DAI Haifeng WEI Xuezhe SUN Zechang (School of
Automotive, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804)

One of the most important tasks of the battery management

system (BMS) is to estimate the battery states which mainly
include the State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH).
Compared with the SOC estimation technology, which
progresses a lot currently, the study of SOH prediction method is
in its junior state. In this paper, a SOH prediction concept was
proposed. Main points of this concept include the aging process
of the battery, the definition of the SOH, and prediction of the
battery's healthy state etc. Aiming at the application mode of the
battery packs on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), ageing
processes of the battery were discussed and several accelerated
life test results were listed.
11
Electric Vehicles Charging Technology Review
and Optimal Size Estimation (2020)
By,
Morris Brenna · Federica Foiadelli Carola Leone · Michela Longo
An overview of the main charging methods is presented as well,
particularly the goal is to highlight an effective and fast charging
technique for lithium ions batteries concerning prolonging cell
cycle life and retaining high charging efficiency. Once presented
the main important aspects of charging technologies and
strategies, in the last part of this paper, through the use of genetic
algorithm, the optimal size of the charging systems is estimated
and, on the base of a sensitive analysis, the possible future trends
in this field are finally valued.
 BMS-driven onsite insolation charging
infrastructure for EVs.(2020)
By Vinay Gupta, Himanshu Priyadarshi, Vishnu Goyal, Kulwant
Singh, Ashish Shrivastava and Jamil Akhtar Dangerous levels of
pollution have shifted the momentum of research from IC engine
vehicles to pure as well as hybrid electric vehicles. The lack of
charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is an important issue
which needs to be addressed. Recharging electric vehicle batteries
at the office premises using the insolation procured from rooftop
installations seems to be a pragmatic solution. Herein, we have
presented the prospects of a charging station using the solar energy
which can be harnessed using photovoltaic panels along with DC-
DC converters before feeding to the electric vehicle batteries.
13
A Comprehensive Review on Developments in
Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure
and Present Scenario of India(2021)
By Shubham Mishra , Shrey Verma , Subhankar Chowdhury ,
Ambar Gaur, Subhashree Mohapatra, Gaurav Dwivedi and Puneet
Verma.
The transportation sector of the world is in the transformation stage,
shifting from conventional vehicles. The paper addresses the
present scenario of India related to electric vehicle charging station
developments. The paper specially provides a critical review on the
research and developments in the charging station infrastructure,
the problems associated with it, and the efforts that are going on for
its standardization to help the researchers address the problems.
 1.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

• In this project various surveys were taken and analyzed. The

existing literature surveys help us to identify where we need to
move further and gives an idea for the future work of this project.
• Analyzing the above surveys, we come to know the importance of
Electric Vehicles (EVs) on comparison with conventional vehicles
run by non-renewable energy sources like petrol and diesel.
• It also signifies the importance of a proper Battery
Management System (BMS) for an EV.
• The importance of performance parameters of a BMS
is studied along with different converter topologies and it helps us
to choose the one which is suitable for the escalation of
our project.
15
 1.4 OBJECTIVES
• To analyze some of the important performance parameters of a
battery by using converter topology.
• To design a Boost converter circuit, model it and simulate it to
get the desired output, using MATLAB.
• To design a SEPIC converter circuit, model it and simulate it to
get the desired output, using MATLAB.
• To design a Boost-SEPIC converter circuit, model it and
simulate it to get the desired output, using MATLAB.
• To compare these converter circuits and use the best one,
Integrated Boost - Sepic converter for our requirement.

16
 CHAPTER 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED MODEL

2.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

2.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED

SYSTEM

2.6 WORKING OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

17
 2.1 INTRODUCTION

• This chapter deals with the circuit diagram and the explanation
of the proposed converter.
• The proposed converter is an integrated Boost - Sepic
converter.
• To moderate the issues related with high voltage yield, different
sorts of venture up converters, using the voltage transformation
capacity have been proposed accomplishing high performance.
To satisfy this necessity to plan and analyses the converter. The
proposed converter comprises of coordinated Boost and SEPIC
converter which will increase the voltage gain and efficiency.

18
 2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.2.1
Circuit diagram of the proposed Integrated
Boost – Sepic Converter.
19
2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED
MODEL

Solar PV input (3v) Boost converter Sepic converter

MPPT Pulse generator Battery load (14v)

20
2.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

21
2.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS (CONTD.,)

22
2.5 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF OF THE
PROPOSED SYSTEM
• The BOOST-SEPIC converter provides higher voltage the input
voltage with non inverting output voltage.
• The circuit arrangement of the proposed converter is shown in
Fig. 2.2.
• The proposed converter is based on a cascaded Boost-SEPIC
converter with a common shared switch. This converter consists
of common switch two Diodes (𝐷1, 𝐷2), Capacitors ( 𝐶1 , 𝐶2,
𝐶3), and Inductors (𝐿1, 𝐿2).

23
2.6 WORKING OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

• We use an Integrated Boost - Sepic Converter.

• The Boost - Sepic Converter is given a supply voltage(solar
input voltage) of say, 4V.
• The load is set as a lead-acid battery.
• The battery is charged upto 13V.

24
 CHAPTER 3
• 3.1 SIMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER

• 3.2 SIMULATION OF SEPIC CONVERTER

• 3.3 SIMULATION OF OPEN LOOP INTEGRATED

BOOST–SEPIC CONVERTER

• 3.4 SIMULATION OF CLOSED LOOP INTEGRATED

BOOST-SEPIC CONVERTER

• 3.5 INFERENCE
25
 3.1 SIMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER
3.1.1 Simulation of boost converter using R load
The below figure shows the simulation of boost converter using R
Load which is simulated using MATLAB. The input current, output
current and output voltage are measured and displayed.

Fig 3.1 Simulation of boost converter using R load

26
3.1.2 Simulation result of boost converter using R
load
The output voltage waveform of the boost converter using R load
is viewed through the scope which is shown in the below figure
3.2

Fig 3.2 Simulation result of boost converter using R load

27
3.1.3 Simulation of boost converter using RL load
The below figure shows the simulation of boost converter using RL
Load which is simulated using MATLAB. The input current, output
current and output voltage are measured and displayed.

Fig 3.3 Simulation Of Boost Converter Using RL Load

28
 3.1.4 Simulation result of boost converter using
(resistive inductive) rl load

The output voltage waveform of the boost converter using RL load is

viewed through the scope which is shown in below figure 3.4

Fig 3.4 Simulation Result Of Boost Converter Using RL Load

29
 3.1.5 Simulation of boost converter using
battery as load
The below figure shows the simulation of boost converter
using Battery which is simulated using MATLAB. The input
current, output current and output voltage are measured
and displayed.

Fig 3.5 Simulation Of Boost Converter Using Battery

30
3.1.6 Simulation result of boost converter
using battery as load
The output voltage waveform of the boost converter using
Battery is viewed through the scope which is shown in
below figure 3.6

Fig 3.6 Simulation Result Of Boost Converter Using Battery

31
 3.1.6 Soc (state of charge) of battery using
boost converter
The SOC waveform of the boost converter using Battery is
viewed through the scope which is shown in below figure 3.7

Fig 3.7 Simulation Result Of Soc Of Boost Converter Using Battery

32
 3.2 SIMULATION OF SEPIC CONVERTER
3.2.1 Simulation of sepic converter using R load
The below figure shows the simulation of Sepic converter using R
Load which is simulated using MATLAB. The input current, output
current and output voltage are measured and displayed.

Fig 3.8 Simulation Of Sepic Converter Using R Load

33
3.2.2 Simulation result of sepic converter using
R load
The output voltage waveform of the Sepic converter using R Load
is viewed through the scope which is shown in below figure 3.9

Fig 3.9 Simulation Result Of Sepic Converter Using R Load

34
 3.2.3 Simulation of sepic converter using RL
load
The below figure shows the simulation of Sepic converter using RL
Load which is simulated using MATLAB. The input current, output
current and output voltage are measured and displayed.

Fig 3.10 Simulation Of Sepic Converter Using RL Load

35
3.2.4 Simulation result of sepic converter
using RL load
The output voltage waveform of the Sepic converter using RL
Load is viewed through the scope which is shown in below
figure 3.11

Fig 3.11 Simulation Result Of Sepic Converter Using RL Load

36
 3.2.5 Simulation of sepic converter using
battery as load
The below figure shows the simulation of Sepic converter using
Battery Load which is simulated using MATLAB. The input current,
output current and output voltage are measured and displayed.

Fig 3.12 Simulation Of Sepic Converter Using Battery

37
3.2.6 Simulation result of sepic converter
using battery as load
The output voltage waveform of the Sepic converter using
Battery is viewed through the scope which is shown in below
figure 3.13

Fig 3.13 Simulation Result Of Sepic Converter Using Battery

38
 3.2.7 Soc (state of charge) of battery using
sepic converter

The SOC waveform of the Sepic converter using Battery is

viewed through the scope which is shown in below figure 3.14

Fig 3.14 Simulation Result Of Soc Of Sepic Converter Using Battery

39
3.3 Simulation of open loop integrated boost –
sepic converter

Fig 3.15 Simulation Of Open Loop Integrated Boost-Sepic Converter

40
 3.3.1 Simulation result of integrated
boost – sepic converter’s boost converter
circuit

Fig 3.16 Simulation Result Of Open Loop Integrated Boost Converter

41
 3.3.2 Simulation result of integrated
boost – sepic converter’s sepic converter
circuit

Fig 3.17 Simulation Result Of Open Loop Integrated Sepic Converter

42
 3.4 Simulation of closed loop integrated boost-
sepic converter

Fig 3.18 Simulation Of Closed Loop Integrated Boost-Sepic Converter

43
 3.4.1 Simulation result of closed loop
integrated boost-sepic converter

Fig 3.19 Simulation Result Of Closed Loop Integrated Boost-Sepic Converter

44
 3.4.2 Soc plot of closed loop boost-sepic
converter using battery load

Fig 3.20 Soc Plot Of Closed Loop Boost-Sepic Converter Using Battery
45
 3.5 INFERENCE
TABLE 3.1

CONVERTER Vo
BOOST CONVERTER 13.07 V
USING R LOAD
BOOST CONVERTER 13.25 V
USING RL LOAD
BOOST CONVERTER 13.11 V
WITH BATTERY
SEPIC CONVERTER 13.29 V
USING R LOAD
SEPIC CONVERTER 14.18 V
USING RL LOAD
INTEGRATED BOOST-SEPIC BOOST - 13.34 V
SEPIC WITH BATTERY
CONVERTER 13.45
SEPIC –V25.63 V

46
• From the table furnished above in Fig.3.4, the values of the output
voltage, Vo is noted for various loads.
• After analyzing , it is found that we can achieve a more promising
performance, when we cascade both the converters into a single one.
• Thus we go for an Integrated Boost – Sepic Converter.

47
3.5.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN OPEN LOOP
AND CLOSED LOOP RESULTS

48
• From the above comparison, it is noted that the transient
response of closed loop is much quicker than the transient
response of open loop.
• The settling time in closed loop response is much faster on
comparison with that of the open loop response.
• Thus we can infer that, closed loop response is better than that
of open loop response.

49
 CHAPTER 4

• 4.1 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

• 4.2 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

• 4.3 HARDWARE RESULT OUTPUT WAVEFORM

50
4.1 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:
TABLE 4.1
HARDWARE COMPONENT SPECIFICATION

MOSFET Irf840

INDUCTOR 1.8mH, 10mH

CAPACITOR 1000µF, 1100µF

RESISTOR 160Ω

DIODE IN4007

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 12-0-12v, 300mA

OPTOCOUPLER 4N35

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR hc-49/u

VOLTAGE REGULATOR L7812,7805

PIC MICROCONTROLLER PIC16F877A

51
 4.1.1 PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER:

The term PIC, or Peripheral Interface Controller, is

the name given by Microchip Technologies to its
single – chip microcontrollers. PIC micros have
grown to become the most widely used
microcontrollers in the 8- bit microcontroller segment.

52
4.1.2 PIN CONFIGURATION OF PIC16F877A
MICROCONTROLLER

FIG 4.1 Pin Configuration And Description Of PIC16F877A

53
 4.1.3 MOSFET

Third generation Power MOSFETs from Vishay provide the

designer with the best combination of fast switching, ruggedized
device design, low on-resistance and cost-effectiveness. The TO-
220AB package is universally preferred for all commercial-
industrial applications at power dissipation levels to
approximately 50 W. The low thermal resistance and low
package cost of the TO-220AB contribute to its wide acceptance
throughout the industry.

54
 4.1.4 FEATURES OF MOSFET

• Dynamic dV/dt Rating

• Repetitive Avalanche Rated

• Fast Switching

• Ease of Paralleling

• Simple Drive Requirements

Fig 4.2 Mosfet Irf840
55
4.1.5 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Fig 4.3 Step Down Transformer

The step-down transformer is used to convert high voltage
alternating current into low voltage alternating current. The
number of turns remain large when compared to secondary.
56
 4.1.6 OPTO COUPLER

Fig 4.4 Opto Couplor

An optocoupler is a semiconductor device that allows an
electrical signal to be transmitted between two isolated circuits.
The two parts used in it are:
1. An LED that emits infrared light
2. A Photo sensitive device that detects light from the LED.

57
 4.1.7 LEAD ACID BATTERY

Fig 4.5 Lead Acid Battery

The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion
of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called
a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the
power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage.
58
 4.2 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Fig 4.6 Photograph Of The Hardware

The implementation of the hardware is shown in the above figure which
uses Solar panel for input , using a bulb and battery as the load.
59
4.3 HARDWARE RESULT OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Fig 4.7 Output Waveform

From the above figure, the output waveform is displayed
using a DSO by connecting the probes to the load.
60
 CHAPTER 5

• 5.1 CONCLUSION

• 5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

61
 5.1 CONCLUSION

In this work, a new DC-DC Integrated Boost- SEPIC converter

topology is proposed, analyzed and verified with the open loop
and closed simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Through
simulation, the performance of the proposed converter topology
is analyzed. From the simulation results, it is found that the
proposed Integrated Boost-SEPIC converter topology provides
much better performance than conventional converter.

62
 5.2 FUTURE SCOPE
In future, the hardware implementation of closed loop Integrated
Boost – SEPIC converter will be executed for constant voltage.
The C2000 Digital Signal Processor can be used in future instead
of PIC microcontroller.

63
THANK YOU

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