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Pipe Appurtenances

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Shivam Kumar
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11 views

Pipe Appurtenances

Uploaded by

Shivam Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PIPE APPURTENANCES

PIPE APPURTENANCE

 To isolate and drain the pipeline section


for test, inspection, cleaning and repair
 Various appurtenance are provided at
various location
 Gates, valves, manholes, insulation
joints, expansion joints etc.
GATES AND VALVES IN THE PIPELINE

 Gate or sluice valves


 Air Valves
 Blow off or drain or scour valves
 Pressure Relief Valves
 Check or reflux valves
AIR VALVES

 They are provided for the exit of the accumulated air from the pipeline.

 Required to discharge air when a main is being filled with water (air relief valves) and

admit air when its being emptied (air inlet valves)


BLOW OFF OR DRAIN OR SCOUR VALVES

 Its provided to remove the water from a pipe after closing the supply

 provided at low points for completely emptying the pipe for inspection repairs etc
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES

 Water hammer pressure in the pipe can be reduced by using this valve
 Provided on the - upstream side of the sluice valve
- at low points where pressure is high
CHECK OR REFLUX VALVES

 Non return valves – prevent flow back in the opposite direction


 Its required at interconnections between a polluted water and a potable water system.
 Foot valve – check valve installed at the end of the suction pipe
DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS...

 Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are the storage

reservoirs, which store the treated water for supplying water during
emergencies (such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and also to help in
absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.
Functions of Distribution Reservoirs
 to absorb the hourly variations in demand.
 to maintain constant pressure in the distribution mains.
 water stored can be supplied during emergencies.
 Pumping in shift is made possible without affecting the supply
 Lead to overall economy by reducing the size of pump, pipelines and
treatment unit
Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs
 should be located as close as possible to the centre of demand.
 water level in the reservoir must be at a sufficient elevation to permit gravity flow at
an adequate pressure.
TYPES OF RESERVOIRS

Depending upon their elevation w.r.t ground it may be classified into

1. Surface reservoirs
2. Elevated reservoirs
SURFACE RESERVOIRS

 Also called ground reservoir.


 Mostly circular or rectangular tank.
 Under ground reservoirs are preferred especially when the size is large.
 These reservoirs are constructed on high natural grounds and are
usually made of stones, bricks, plain or reinforced cement concrete.
 The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the water, when the
reservoir is full and the earth pressure when it is empty.

 The position of ground water table is also considered while designing these
reservoirs.

 The floors of these reservoirs may constructed with R.C.C slab or square
stone blocks resting on columns.
 To obtain water tightness bitumen compounds are used at all construction
joints.

 At the top of roof about 60cm thick earth layer is deposited and
maintained green lawns to protect the reservoir from cold and heat.

 For aeration of water and inspection, ventilation pipes and stairs are
provided.
Under Ground Reservoir
ELEVATED STORAGE RESERVOIRS

 Elevated Storage Reservoirs (ESRs) also referred to as Overhead Tanks are


elevated at a certain suitable elevation above the ground level and supported on
towers. These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape.
 If the topography of the town not suitable for under gravity, the elevated tank or
reservoir are used.
 They are constructed where combine gravity and pumping system of water
distribution is adopted.

 These tanks may be steel or RCC.

 Now RCC is commonly preferred.


STORAGE CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS

 The total storage capacity of a distribution reservoir is the summation of:


 Balancing Storage: The quantity of water required to be stored in the reservoir for
equalising or balancing fluctuating demand against constant supply is known as the
balancing storage (or equalising or operating storage).
 Can be worked out by utilizing the hydrograph of inflow and outflow either by mass
flow method or analytical method.
 Mass curve method
 Mass curve of demand is drawn which is plot of accumulated demand of water
against time
 By adding the hourly demand of water , values of accumulated demand of water at
successive hours are obtained
 Same is plotted against the corresponding hours to obtain mass curve of demand
 Line AB represent uniform rate of pumping in to the reservoir if the puping is done at
the uniform rate for all 24hrs. Slope of AB represents uniform rate of pumping
 To determine storage required for reservoir, draw the tangents through lowest point C
and highest poind D parallel to AB
 The maximum vertical distance EF between the 2 tangents gives the storage required
for reservoir
PUMPING DONE FOR LIMITED PERIOD
 Breakdown Storage: The breakdown storage or often called emergency storage is the
storage preserved in order to tide over the emergencies posed by the failure of pumps,
electricity, or any other mechanism driving the pumps.
 A value of about 25% of the total storage capacity of reservoirs, or 1.5 to 2 times of the
average hourly supply, may be considered as enough provision for accounting this
storage.
 Fire Storage: The third component of the total reservoir storage is the fire storage.
 This provision takes care of the requirements of water for extinguishing fires.
 A provision of 1 to 4 litres per person per day is sufficient to meet the requirement.
STAND PIPE

 It’s a elevated tank without any erected tower for resting the tank body
 Tall and cylindrical shell resting directly on the ground
 RCC pipe height not more than 15m
 The useful storage capacity is the
volume above the elevation required to
give requisite pressure. The water
stored below helps during fire demand

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