EMMI OE

Instrument Transformer

Dr. Saumendra Sarangi

Electrical Engineering
Faculty of EED, MNNIT, Allahabad

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

 Instrument Transformers

•A transformer that is used in conjunction with a

measuring instrument

•It utilizes the current-transformation and voltage

transformation properties to measure high ac current and
voltage

• They also provide isolation

2
 Where to use Instrument Transformers

•To measure high currents and high Voltages

•Why can’t we use voltmeter with very high series resistance

and ammeter with very low shunt resistance?

3
Disadvantages of Shunts & Multipliers
Shunts
•Time constant should be same for meter
and shunt
• Power consumption increases
• Insulation problems (for high voltages)
• No Isolation
Multipliers (Series resistance)
• Power consumption
•Leakage currents, so good
insulators used , hence costly
• No isolation
4
Types of Instrument Transformers

• Current transformer

• Potential (Voltage) transformer

5
 Current Transformers

• Secondary is usually 5 A or 1A (Standard)

•5 A is sufficient for a relay to operate and for a

meter to measure

6
Current Transformers

7
Potential Transformers

8
 Point to note about CT
•Primary current depends on load, but not on the burden

•Current coil of Wattmeter or Ammeter is connected across

the terminal of the secondary or Relay

•Secondary operates near short circuit conditions

•One of the terminal of CT secondary winding is earthed

9
Types of CT

10
Constructional Details of Window CT

11
Constructional Details of Window CT
Layer 2

Layer 1

Cor
e

12
Constructional Details of wound CT

Primary
Connections

Primary
Winding

Secondary
Winding

13
Care, while operating with CT

14
Standards of CT

15
Usually current is measured in terms of voltage
across a standard resistor

16
Connections of CT and PT

17
Potential Transformer

18
19
 Points to note about PT

•Secondary is connected voltmeter or Potential coil

of the Wattmeter or Relay

•Design is similar to Power Transformer, but

Potential Transformers are lightly loaded

• Secondary is usually rated for 110 V

• Should not be shorted

20
Construction of PT

For the same power rating voltage transformer is costly than power
transformer (large core & conductor size)

•Output is small (and accurate)

• Shell type core – Low voltage

• Co-axial windings

21
 Construction of PT

•Insulation: Cotton tape and varnished

cambric as insulation for coil

• Oil immersed for more than 7 kV

• Oil filled bushing for oil filled transformer

•If one side of the primary winding is at neutral,

one bushing is sufficient

22
 Comparison of Power Transformer and Instrument Transformer
Sl Instrument Transformer Power Transformer
NO

1 Mainly used to reduce the voltage and current for the Mainly used to change the
measurement of voltage, current, power and energy voltage levels in power system

2 Handles very less power Transform huge power to load

3 Basically Step Down Used as both Step-up and Step

Down

4 Since load current is small exciting is comparatively higher Exciting current is a small
fraction fraction of a secondary winding
current
23
 Comparison Between Power Transformer and Instrument
Transformer
Sl Instrument Transformer Power Transformer
NO

5 Accuracy is main consideration and cost is Cost is main consideration in the design
second consideration while efficiency and regulation are the
second consideration

6 Heating is less Heating is high

7 Temperature rise is not a factor Limitation on the load is due to

temperature rise

8 Examples are Potential Transformer and Examples are Power and Distribution
Current Transformer Transformer
24
Basic Equation of CT and PT

25
CT Equivalent Circuit

26
Knee point of CT

27
 CT BURDEN

CT BURDEN : Is the amount of

the impedance connected to the
CT secondary and rated in Ohms or
VA

The burden is high the voltage

drop across the secondary side
increases and this results in
increase in voltage across the
primary side
Hence the Exciting current
increases due to which the
ERROR increases
CT BURDEN according to Different Meters
Types of CT

30
Types of CT

31
Different ratios for CT and PT

32
 Different ratios for CT and PT
Transformation Ratio=

= for a CT

= for a PT

Nominal Ratios : it is the ratio of rated current(or voltage) to the rated

secondary current(or voltage)
Nominal Ratio= for a CT

Nominal Ratio= for a PT

33
 Different ratios for CT and PT

Turns Ratio=

Turns Ratio= for a CT

Turns Ratio= for a PT

Basically for transformer

Then for a CT
for a PT 34
 𝑩
Phasor Diagram
∡

𝑰
C
A

𝒑
90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝛽
𝜃
𝑰𝒄
∡
𝛼
𝑰 𝟎
𝑰𝒄 ∅ 𝒔
𝑰𝒎

j
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
𝑰𝒔
𝜃 ∡
𝑽𝒔 )
′
𝐼 =𝐾 𝑇 𝐼𝑆
𝑝 Sin )
C

E𝒔
𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎
Sin )
 𝑩
Phasor Diagram
∡

𝑰
C
A

𝒑
90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝛽
𝜃
𝑰𝒄
∡
𝛼
𝑰 𝟎
𝑰𝒄 ∅ 𝒔
𝑰𝒎
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
𝑰𝒔
𝜃 ∡
𝑽𝒔 )
Sin )

𝐼𝑃
C

E𝒔
𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎
A 𝑰 𝟎 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂
𝑩 Sin )
ERRORs in CT
𝐼𝑝
C

, Hence
𝛽 A 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂 𝑩
/

Dr.
Haitham El-
Thus Actual current ratio= = R =
Hussieny

= =+
Phase Angle Error in CT
𝐼𝑝
C

, Hence
𝛽 A 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂 𝑩

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny tan =

, tan = , and is very small compared

Hence,
==
𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎
 Phase Angle Error in CT
𝐼𝑝
C

𝛽 A 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂 𝑩
/

, tan =Dr.
, andEl- is very small compared
Haitham
Hussieny
Hence,

𝑖𝑛
== 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
Errors in CT

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Errors in CT

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Transformer on NO Load

Assuming Transformer is Ideal

NO Losses
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Means no heating Effect Heating effect due to
Resistance of winding: Primary and Secondary resistance , R 1 and R2

Magnetic core losses : heating effect of core due hysteresis and Eddy current

NO leakage Flux
Transformer during NO Load

Assuming Transformer is Ideal

No resistance
No core loss
NO leakage Flux
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny

The errors in the potential transformer are due to

resistance
core loss
leakage Flux
Equivalent CKT Diagram PT Referred to Secondary Side

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
 Potential Transformer Equations
Secondary Side voltage
+j
Currents are related as
= = =

Voltages are related

Dr. as
Haitham El- 𝑁𝑃 ′
𝐸𝐸
𝐸 𝑆 𝑁 𝑃 =Hussieny 𝑃 𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑁
=𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃=𝐾 𝑇 𝐸𝑆
𝑆

Primary current is 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼
𝑃 𝑃 0

No Load current 𝐼
is 0= 𝐼 𝑚 + 𝐼 𝑐

Primary voltage is +j
Phasor Diagram 𝜃 )
B
Vp
A 𝜃

∡
G
𝜃

Ep
∅F
𝛽 𝑫 ∅
Dr. ∅ 𝜃
↶
Haitham El- C
Hussieny

𝑲𝑻 𝑽𝑺

𝜃 ↶
↶ /
𝑰𝒑

𝑰𝒄 𝑰 𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎

𝑰 𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram 𝜃 B
)
B A
Vp
A 𝜃

∡
G
𝜃 In the triangle ABG
G
𝜃
𝑿
Ep
∅F F
𝑫 In the triangle XFG
Dr.
Haitham El- C
∅
Hussieny

𝛽𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺
𝑰𝒑
𝜃 /
𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰 𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎

𝑰 𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram 𝜃 E
B
Vp
A
∅ 𝑭

∡
G
Z
∅𝑫 In the triangle DEF

∅
C
Ep
∅F F
(
𝑫 In the triangle CDZ
Dr.
Haitham El- C
∅ 𝑪𝒁=𝑲 𝑻 𝑰 𝒔 𝑹 𝒔 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅
Hussieny

𝛽𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺
𝑰𝒑
/
𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰 𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎

𝑰 𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram
B
A
Vp 𝜃
G

Ep
∅F
Z 𝑫
Dr.
Haitham El- C
∅
Hussieny

𝛽𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺

𝑰𝒄
In the triangle OAB
OA=OC+ CZ+ZF+FG+AG O ∅
Assumptions and Modified Equations

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Assumptions and Modified Equations

𝐸𝑃

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
𝑰𝒑
𝛽

∢
/
∅ ∅ 𝜃
𝜃
∢
𝑰 𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎

𝑰 𝒔 𝑽 𝒔
Assumptions and Modified Equations

𝑰𝒑
Dr.
/
Haitham El-
Hussieny ∅ / Cos
𝜃 𝑰 𝟎

O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎 / Sin

𝑰 𝒔 𝑽 𝒔
Modified Equation

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
 B
Phasor Diagram

Vp
𝜃
AB= BP+AP Ep

F
Dr.
BP in the triangle BPQ
Haitham El- is Cos P

𝜃
Hussieny
Where AP is parallel to TS

∅
Q
𝑻
To find out TS
𝛽

A
TS= FR-FT-SR

𝑫
S

∅
C
O

Where SR is parallel to DZ and

can be found from triangle 𝑲
𝑻 𝑹
𝑽 Z
CDZ
𝑺

Sin

DZ=
 B
Phasor Angle

Vp
Error

𝜃
To find out FR and FT

FR can be found from

FRZ
FR=
Ep

F
FT can be foundDr.
out El-
Haitham P
from

𝜃
Hussieny

∅
Q
FTQ Triangle 𝑻

A
𝑫
S

∅
C
FT=
O

𝑲
𝑻 𝑹
𝑽
𝑺 Z

TS=

Since AP= TS AB=

AB= BP+AP
Phase Angle Error

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Phasor Angle Error

Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
.

ANY
QUESTIONS
Phasor Diagram V
p

E
p
𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺𝒆
𝛽 /
𝑰𝒑
∅𝜃
∡
𝑰 𝟎
𝑰𝒄 ∅ 𝒔
𝑰𝒎
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny ∅
𝑽𝒔

𝑰𝒔

E𝒔