Chapter 3: Internet of Things (IoT)

Outlines
 Overview of IOT
 What is IOT?
 History of IOT
 Advantages of IOT
 Challenges of IOT
 How IOT works
 Architecture of IOT
 Devices and network
 Applications of IOT
 Smart home ,Smart grid ,Smart city ,Wearable devices ,Smart farming
 IOT tools and platforms (eg: KAA IoT /Device
 Hive/Zetta/Things Board…)
 Sample application with hands on activity (eg IOT based smart
farming)
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 Overview of IoT
 The most important features of IoT include artificial
intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and
small device use.
 A brief review of these features is given below :-
 AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”,
meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of
data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks.
 This can mean something as simple as enhancing your
refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your
favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your
preferred grocer.

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 Overview of IoT
 Connectivity -New enabling technologies for networking
and specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no
longer exclusively tied to major providers.
 Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale
while still being practical.
 IoT creates these small networks between its system
devices.
 Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors.
 They act as defining instruments that transform IoT from a
standard passive network of devices into an active system
capable of real-world integration.
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 Overview of IoT
 Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with
connected technology happens through passive
engagement.
 IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content,
product, or service engagement.

 Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become

smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time.
 IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility.

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 What is IoT?
 The description of the Internet of Things is related to different
definitions used by several groups for promoting the particular
concept in the whole world.
 According to the Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB) definition,
IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a huge number
of devices intelligently communicating in the presence of internet
protocol that cannot be directly operated by human beings but
exist as components in buildings, vehicles or the environment.
 According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
organization’s definition, IoT is the networking of smart objects
in which smart objects have some constraints such as limited
bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility for achieving
interoperability among smart objects.

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 What is IoT?
 According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) Communications category magazine’s
definition, IoT is a framework of all things that have a
representation in the presence of the internet in such a way
that new applications and services enable the interaction in
the physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-
Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud.
 According to the Oxford dictionary’s definition, IoT is the
interaction of everyday object’s computing devices
through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving
of useful data.

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 What is IoT?
 The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020 conceptual
framework is expressed through a simple formula such as:
IoT = Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
 Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.
 IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
 IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer
data over the internet without any human intervention.

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What is IoT?

Figure 4.1 IoT in Different Domains

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 What is IoT?
 IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for
sensing, networking, and robotics.
 IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling
hardware prices, and modern attitudes towards
technology.
 Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in
the delivery of products, goods, and services; and the
social, economic, and political impact of those changes.

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 History IoT
 The Internet of Things has not been around for very long.
 However, there have been visions of machines
communicating with one another since the early 1800s.
Machines have been providing direct communications
since the telegraph (the first landline) was developed in the
1830s and 1840s.
 Described as “wireless telegraphy,” the first radio voice
transmission took place on June 3, 1900, providing another
necessary component for developing the Internet of Things.
 The development of computers began in the 1950s.

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 History IoT
 The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT,
started out as part of DARPA (Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency) in 1962 and evolved into
ARPANET in 1969.
 In the 1980s, commercial service providers began
supporting public use of ARPANET, allowing it to
evolve into our modern Internet.
 Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in
early 1993, with the Department of Defense providing a
stable, highly functional system of 24 satellites.

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 History IoT
 This was quickly followed by privately owned, commercial satellites
being placed in orbit.
 Satellites and landlines provide basic communications for much of the
IoT.
 One additional and important component in developing a functional IoT
was IPV6’s remarkably intelligent decision to increase address space.
 The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until 1999.
 One of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from the early
1980s and was a Coca Cola machine, located at the Carnegie Melon
University.
 Local programmers would connect by the Internet to the refrigerated
appliance, and check to see if there was a drink available and if it was
cold, before making the trip.

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 History IoT
 By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved
into a system using multiple technologies, ranging from
the Internet to wireless communication and from micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS) to embedded
systems.
 The traditional fields of automation (including the
automation of buildings and homes), wireless sensor
networks, GPS, control systems, and others, all support
the IoT.

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 History IoT
 Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at
MIT, was the first to describe the Internet of Things, during
his 1999 speech.
 Kevin Ashton stated that Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) was a prerequisite for the Internet of Things.
 He concluded if all devices were “tagged,” computers could
manage, track, and inventory them.
 To some extent, the tagging of things has been achieved
through technologies such as digital watermarking, barcodes,
and quick response QR codes.
 Inventory control is one of the more obvious advantages of
the Internet of Things.

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 IoT Advantages
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle
and business.
Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to
offer:
Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics

suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws inaccuracy;

and as noted, engagement remains passive.
 IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and

more effective engagement with audiences.

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 IoT Advantages
 Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data
which improve the customer experience also improve device use,
and aid in more potent improvements to technology.
 IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current
analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world
information leading to the more effective management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from
its limitations and its design for passive use.
 IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where
humans really want to go to analyze our world.
 It allows an accurate picture of everything.

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 IoT Disadvantages
 Here is a list of some of the disadvantages of IoT. these are:
 As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker
could steal confidential information also increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected
device will become corrupted.
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT,
it’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers
maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing
the data from all those devices will be challenging.

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 Challenges of IoT
 Though IoT delivers an impressive set of advantages, it also
presents a significant set of challenges. Here is a list of some its
major issues:
 Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating over networks. The system offers little control despite any security
measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme
detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment,
and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new
enabling technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate
easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or
locking systems.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply
with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly
challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle.

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 4.2. How does it work?
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect,
send and act on data they acquire from their environments.
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to
be analyzed or analyzed locally.
 Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and
act on the information they get from one another.
 The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although
people can interact with the devices.
 For instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
 The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with
these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT
applications deployed.

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 Architecture of IoT
 In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network
of things that consists of hardware, software, network
connectivity, and sensors.
 Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises four
major components: sensing, network, data processing,
and application layers (as depicted in Figure 4.2). A
detailed description of these layers is given below.
 Sensing Layer
 Network Layer
 Data Processing Layer
 Application Layer

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Figure 4.2 Architecture of IoT

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 Devices and Networks
 Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every
device talks to other related devices in an environment
to automate home and industrial tasks, and to
communicate usable sensor data to users, businesses
and other interested parties.
 IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at
home, in industry or in the enterprise.
 As such, the devices can be categorized into three main
groups: consumer, enterprise and industrial.

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 Devices and Networks
 Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart
speakers, toys, wearables, and smart appliances.
 smart meters, commercial security systems and smart
city technologies such as those used to monitor traffic
and weather conditions are examples of industrial and
enterprise IoT devices.
 Other technologies, including smart air conditioning,
smart thermostats, smart lighting, and smart security,
span home, enterprise, and industrial uses.

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 IoT Tools and Platforms
 There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform
marketplace, offering remarkably similar capabilities
and methods of deployment.
 These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet
of Things and cloud technology.
 They can be used in areas of smart home, city,
enterprise, home automation, healthcare or automotive,
just to name a few.
 These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet

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IoT Tools and Platforms

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IoT Tools and Platforms

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 Applications of IoT
 The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so many
businesses, organizations, and government branches, that it doesn’t make
sense to ignore it.
 Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best applied.
 Agriculture
 Consumer Use
 Healthcare
 Insurance
 Manufacturing
 Retail
 Transportation
 Utilities

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 IoT Based Smart Home
 Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely
manage and monitor different home devices from
anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no
physical distance limitations.
 With the ongoing development of mass-deployed
broadband internet connectivity and wireless technology,
the concept of a Smart Home has become a reality where
all devices are integrated and interconnected via the
wireless network.
 These “smart” devices have the potential to share
information with each other given the permanent
availability to access the broadband internet connection.
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 IoT Based Smart Home
 Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely
appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.
 Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability
to transmit data over long distances.
 Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling
what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to
buy and with all the information available on a smartphone app.
Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely,
and.
 The kitchen ranges with the interface to a Smartphone app
allowing remotely adjustable temperature control and monitoring
the oven’s self-cleaning feature.
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 IoT Based Smart Home
 Safety Monitoring:
 cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in
their daily life at home.
 Intrusion Detection Systems:
 Detection of window and door openings and violations to
prevent intruders.
 Energy and Water Use:
 Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources, & many more.

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 IoT Based Smart City
In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and
autonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver
innovations in energy management, traffic management, and security,
sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society.
 Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material

conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments.

 Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street

lights.
 Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management,

public announcement systems.

 Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with

warning messages and diversions according to climate

conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.

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 IoT Based Smart City
 Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces
available in the city making residents able to identify and
reserve the closest available spaces,
 Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers
to optimize the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle
bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when
garbage has been put out.

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 IoT Based Smart Farming
 Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production
of fruits and vegetables and its quality.
 Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw,
etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.
 Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in
open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in
farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements.
 Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal
farms to ensure its survival and health.
 Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring,
accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields,
including better control of fertilizing, electricity and watering.

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 Assignment 2
 What will be happen if IoT is applied in Ethiopia? By
considering advantages, disadvantage challenges.

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?

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