TOPIC 3: NUMBER SYSTEMS
COMPUTING FOR TECHNOLOGY – FOT 1001
TOPIC 3: CONTENT
Decimal, binary, octal and hexa-decimal number systems.
Number systems conversions.
Binary and non-binary fractions.
DECIMAL, BINARY, OCTAL AND
HEXADECIMAL
NUMBER SYSTEMS
A number system is a system of representing numbers of a certain type.
Usually a number system follows a positional system and has a base.
The value of each digit in a number system can be determined using the
digit, the position of the digit in the number and the base of the number
system (total number of digits available in the number system)
Most common types of number systems are: decimal, binary, octal and
hexadecimal.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
Here's the decimal number system as an example:
digits (or symbols) allowed: 0-9
base (or radix): 10
the order of the digits is significant
345 is really
3 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 5 x 1
3 x 10^2 + 4 x 10^1 + 5 x 10^0
3 is the most significant symbol (it carries the most weight)
5 is the least significant symbol (it carries the least weight)
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
Here's the binary number system:
digits (or symbols) allowed: 0, 1
base (or radix): 2
each binary digit is called a BIT
the order of the digits is significant
LSB (least significant bit) is the first bit from the right.
MSB (most significant bit) is the first bit from the left.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
1001 (base 2) is really
1 x 2^3 + 0 x 2^2 + 0 x 2^1 + 1 x 2^0
9 (base 10)
11000 (base 2) is really
1 x 2^4 + 1 x 2^3 + 0 x 2^2 + 0 x 2^1
+ 0 x 2^0
24 (base 10)
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Here's the octal number system: 345(base 8) is really
digits (or symbols) allowed:
0-7 3 x 8^2 + 4 x 8^1 + 5 x 8^0
192 + 32 + 5
base (or radix): 8 229 (base 10)
the order of the digits is
significant 1001 (base 8) is really
was widely used in
1 x 8^3 + 0 x 8^2 + 0 x 8^1 + 1 x 8^0
computing before 512 + 0 + 0 + 1
hexadecimal replaced it 513 (base 10)
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Here's the hexadecimal number system: Hex Decimal
0 0
digits (or symbols) allowed: 0-9, A-F 1 1
.
base (or radix): 16
.
the order of the digits is significant .
9 9
widely used in computing for shortening binary number A 10
representations B 11
C 12
common syntax is to use “0x” as a prefix to the hex value. D 13
(e.g. 0x8d is the hexadecimal value of 8d) E 14
F 15
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
A3 (base 16) is really
a x 16^1 + 3 x 16^0
160 + 3
163 (base 10)
GENERALLY…
Given an n-digit number (in weighted positional notation):
Sn-1 Sn-2 . . . S2 S1 S0
the subscript gives us a numbering of the digits.
given a base b, this is the decimal value
the summation (from i=0 to i=n-1) of S * b^i
NUMBER SYSTEMS CONVERSIONS
ANY BASE TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
Use the summation formula in the previous slide.
134 (base 5)
1 x 5^2 + 3 x 5^1 + 4 x 5^0
25 + 15 + 4
44 (base 10)
DECIMAL TO ANY BASE CONVERSION
Divide decimal values by the base until the quotient is 0. The remainders give the digits
of the value.
36 (base 10) to base 2
(binary) 14 (base 10) to base 2
(binary)
36/2 = 18 r=0 <-- lsb 14/2 = 7 r=0 <--
18/2 = 9 r=0 lsb
9/2 = 4 r=1 7/2 = 3 r=1
4/2 = 2 r=0 3/2 = 1 r=1
2/2 = 1 r=0 1/2 = 0 r=1 <--
1/2 = 0 r=1 <-- msb msb
36 (base 10) == 100100 14 (base 10) == 1110
(base 2) (base 2)
DECIMAL TO ANY BASE CONVERSION
Divide decimal values by the base until the quotient is 0. The remainders give the digits
of the value.
38 (base 10) to base 3 100 (base 10) to base 5
38/3 = 12 r=2 <-- ls 100/5 = 20 r=0
digit 20/5 = 4 r=0
12/3 = 4 r=0 4/5 = 0 r=4
4/3 = 1 r=1
1/3 = 0 r=1 <-- ms 100 (base 10) = 400 (base 5)
digit
38 (base 10) == 1102 (base
3)
BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION
1. group into 3's starting at least example:
significant symbol (if the number
of bits is not evenly divisible by 3, 100 010 111
then add 0's at the most significant (binary)
end) 4 2 7
2. write one octal digit for each (octal)
group (use a reference table)
10 101 110
(binary)
2 5 6
(octal)
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION
1. group into 4's starting at least
significant symbol (if the number example:
of bits is not evenly divisible by 4,
then add 0's at the most significant 1001 1110 0111 0000
end) 9 e 7 0
2. write one octal digit for each 1 1111 1010 0011
group (use a reference table) 1 f a 3
3. the method is similar to binary to
octal conversion
OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
write down the 3 bit binary code for each octal digit
example:
5 0 1
101 000 001
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
write down the 4 bit binary code for each hexadecimal digit
example:
3 9 c 8
0011 1001 1100 1000
OCTAL – BINARY REFERENCE TABLE
HEXADECIMAL – BINARY REFERENCE TABLE
HEXADECIMAL – OCTAL CONVERSION
Hexadecimal to octal conversation could be done in two steps,
1. Hex to binary
2. Binary to octal
Octal to hexadecimal conversation could be done in two steps,
3. Octal to binary
4. Binary to hexadecimal
Alternatively, this conversion could be done through the decimal number system as well.
BINARY AND NON-BINARY FRACTIONS
BINARY FRACTIONS
fn-1 fn-2 . . . f2 f1 f0 . f-1 f-2 f-3 . . .
The decimal value is calculated in the same way as for non-fractional numbers, the
exponents are now negative.
BINARY FRACTIONS TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
example:
101.001 (binary)
1 x 2^2 + 1 x 2^0 + 1 x 2^-3
4 + 1 + 1/8
5 1/8 = 5.125 (decimal)
2^-1 = .5
2^-2 = .25
2^-3 = .125
2^-4 = .0625 etc.
DECIMAL FRACTIONS TO BINARY CONVERSION
fraction fraction x 2
Consider left and right of
the decimal point .8 1.6 1 (MS)
separately. .6 1.2 1
The integer part can be
converted to binary as .2 0.4 0
before. .4 0.8 0
Use the following algorithm .8 (it must repeat from here!)
to convert the fractional
part.
.8 is .1100
