Building Technology

Teacher: Mr. Eric Marin

Topic: Building Construction Materials

Subtopic: Concrete
Lesson 08 – Concrete
• Identify that a wall is part of the structural support of a building.
• Discuss and list the types of wall materials in their community and
Belize.
• Describe the types of wall materials such as bricks, blocks, glass,
stones, concrete and timber.

4
Concrete
What is CONCRETE?
• Is a Construction material
• Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates, and in
some cases, admixtures.
• The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds
the aggregates together.
• Often looked upon as “man made rock”.
• Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety
of agricultural and residential uses.
• Strong, durable, versatile, and economical.
CONCRETE
• Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and reproduce
any surface texture.
• The most widely used construction material in the world.
• The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an appropriate
construction material for many applications.
Composition of concrete
• Water

• Aggregates

• Chemical admixtures

• Cement
Water
• Good water is essential for quality concrete.
• Should be good enough to drink—free of
trash, organic matter and excessive
chemicals and/or minerals.
• The strength and other properties of
concrete are highly dependent on the
amount of water and the water-cement
ratio.
Aggegates
• Aggregates occupy 60 to 80 percent of the
volume of concrete.

• Sand, gravel and crushed stone are the

primary aggregates used.

• All aggregates must be essentially free

of silt and/or organic matter.
Chemical Admixtures
• Materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the concrete
to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete
mixes.

• In normal use, admixture dosages

are less than 5% by mass of cement,
and are added to the concrete at the
time of batching/mixing.
Chemical Admixtures
The most common types of admixtures are:

• Accelerators : Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete. Typical

materials used are CaCl2 and NaCl.

• Acrylic retarders : Slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or
difficult pours. Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11).
Chemical Admixtures
• Air Entraining agents:
-The most commonly used admixtures for agricultural concrete.
-Produce microscopic air bubbles throughout the concrete.
-Entrained air bubbles:
• Improve the durability of concrete exposed to moisture and
freeze/thaw action.
• Improve resistance to scaling from deicers and corrosive agents such
as manure or silage.
Chemical Admixtures
Water-reducing admixtures
•Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it be placed more
easily, with less consolidating effort.
•High-range water-reducing admixtures are a class of water-reducing admixtures
• Increase workability
• Reduce the water content of a concrete.
• Improves its strength and durability characteristics.
Reinforcement
• Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load.
• Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail.
• Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers,
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glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
Cement
• Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds having
hydraulic properties.
• Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden under or with
excess water through the hydration of the cement’s chemical compounds or
minerals
Concrete production

• This process develops physical and chemical properties like mechanical strength,
low moisture permeability, and chemical and volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
• Mixing concrete
• Workability
• Curing
Mixing concrete
• Essential for
I. The production of uniform concrete,
II.High quality concrete.
• Equipment and methods should be capable
of effectively mixing

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Workability
• The ease with which freshly mixed concrete can be placed and finished without
segregation.
• Difficult to measure but ready-mix companies usually have experience in
determining the proper mix.
• Important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be used for, and how it
will be placed.
Curing
• Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and finished "letter-perfect"
can still be a failure if improperly or inadequately cured.
• Usually the last step in a concrete
project and, unfortunately,
is often neglected even by professionals.

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Curing
• Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened concrete such as
durability, strength, water-tightness, wear resistance, volume stability, and
resistance to freezing and thawing.
• Proper concrete curing for agricultural and residential applications involves
keeping newly placed concrete moist and avoiding temperature extremes (above
90°F or below 50°F) for at least three days.
• A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.
Curing
• The best curing method depends on:
• Cost,
• Application equipment required,
• Materials available,
• Size and shape of the concrete surface.
• Prevent the loss of the mixing water from concrete by sealing
the surface.
• Can be done by:
• Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic
sheets,
• Applying membrane-forming curing compounds.
Curing
• Begin the curing as soon as the concrete has hardened
sufficiently to avoid erosion or other damage to the freshly
finished surface.
• Usually within one to two hours after placement and finishing.

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1055.jpg
Properties of concrete
• Strength
• Elasticity
• Cracking
• Shrinkage cracking
• Tension cracking
Strength
Concrete has relatively
• High compressive strength,
• Low tensile strength
• Fair to assume that a concrete sample's tensile strength is about
10%-15% of its compressive strength
• The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by
- water-cementitious ratio
-the design constituents
- the mixing
-placement
-curing methods
Elasticity
• Function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions
• The American Concrete Institute allows the modulus of elasticity
to be calculated using the following equation:

where
wc = weight of concrete (pounds per cubic foot) and where

f'c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)

Cracking

• All concrete structures will crack to some extent.

• Cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses occurring during
setting or use

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illustrations/shibboleth01.jpg
Shrinkage cracking

• Occur when concrete members undergo restrained volumetric changes (shrinkage)

as a result of either drying, autogenous shrinkage or thermal effects.

• The number and width of shrinkage

cracks that develop are influenced by
-the amount of shrinkage that occurs
-the amount of restraint present
-the amount and spacing of reinforcement provided.

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3/39/216_Removal_of_existing_expansion_joint.jpg/550px-
216_Removal_of_existing_expansion_joint.jpg
Tension cracking

• Most common in concrete beams where a transversely applied

load will put one surface into compression and the opposite
surface into tension due to induced bending.
• The size and length of cracks is dependent on
- The magnitude of the bending moment
- The design of the reinforcing in the beam at the point
under consideration.
Types of concrete
Regular concrete  Glass concrete
High-strength concrete  Asphalt concrete
Stamped concrete  Rapid strength concrete
High-performance concrete  Rubberized concrete
Self-consolidating concretes  Polymer concrete
Vacuum concretes  Geopolymer or green concrete
Shotcrete  Limecrete
Pervious concrete  Refractory Cement
Cellular concrete,  Concrete cloth
Cork-cement composites  Innovative mixtures
Roller-compacted concrete  Gypsum concrete
Concrete testing

Compression testing of a concrete cylinder

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Same cylinder after failure

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BreakageCylinder.jpg
General test methods
• Compaction Factor Test (Compacting Factor Test, Glanville)
• Compaction Test
• Free Orifice Test (Orimet Test)
• K-Slump Tester
•  Cone Penetration Test
Free Flow Test Methods
 Moving Sphere Viscometer
• Slump Test
 Flow Trough Test
• Modified Slump Test
 Delivery-Chute Torque Meter
• Slump Rate Machine
 Delivery-Chute Depth Meter
• Kelly Ball Test
 Surface Settlement Test
• Ring Penetration Test
Concrete recycling

• increasingly common method of disposing of concrete structures

• recycling is increasing due to
-improved environmental awareness
- governmental laws
-economic benefits
• Recycling concrete provides
-environmental benefits
-conserving landfill space
Thank you for your attention
• Simple question about our presentation.
1.What is the composition of concrete?
2.What is the purpose of curing?
3.What is the types of asphalt mostly used in construction?
4.What type of construction material is used for lining the kilns?