PERIODIC TABLE

AND TRENDS
Unit 1 topic 1: Properties and structures of atoms
◦ Recall that elements are represented by symbols and recognise
that the structure of the periodic table is based on the atomic
number and the properties of the elements
◦ Describe and explain that elements of the periodic table show
trends across periods and down groups, including atomic radii,
valencies, ionic radii, 1st ionisation energy and
electronegativities as exemplified by groups 1, 2, 13–18 and
period 3 Learning
◦ Explain how successive ionisation energy data is related to the
electron configuration of an atom objectives
◦ Compare and explain the metallic and non-metallic behaviours Periodic Table and
of elements, including group trends and the reactivity for the
alkali metals (Li–Cs) and the halogens (F–I) Trends
◦ Recognise that oxides change from basic through amphoteric to
acidic across a period
◦ Analyse, evaluate and interpret data to explain and justify
conclusions for periodic trends, patterns and relationships.
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syllabuses/snr_chemistry_19_syll.pdf

Chemistry
Senior Syllabus
Year 11: Unit 1 and 2
Year 12: Unit 3 and 4
Retrieval
Lauren’s chemistry homework has mistakes.
i) What are the mistakes?
ii) What should it be instead?
a) Elements get more metallic as you go up the period table.
b) Non-metals are on the left hand side of the periodic table.
c) Acid + carbonate  hydrogen gas + a salt.
d) Group 18 are the most reactive non-metals.
e) Sulfuric acids make chloride salts.
Retrieval Answers
a) Elements get more metallic as you go down and to the left of the
period table.
b) Non-metals are on the right hand side of the periodic table.
c) Acid + metal  hydrogen gas + a salt.
d) Group 17 are the most reactive non-metals.
e) Sulfuric acids make sulfate salts.
Recall
Annotate the following
blank periodic Table.

How much do you recall

from Term 1?

5 mins
Periodic table
Learning Goals/Success Criteria
◦ Recall the structure of the periodic
table is based on the atomic
number and the properties of the
elements

◦ Describe and explain the trends

across periods and down groups,
including: atomic radii and ionic
radii.

Chapter 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 (pp.58-59)

Recall :
The periodic table
.
The periodic table is
based on the number
of protons (atomic
number) and the
number of valence
electrons.

Recall that elements are represented by symbols and recognise

What are valance electrons? that the structure of the periodic table is based on the atomic
number and the properties of the elements.
Valence electron
is an outer shell electron that can participate in the
formation of a chemical bond

How many valence electrons does

Oxygen have?
 Recall :
The periodic table
The atomic number gives
us the number of protons.
.
 Recall :
The periodic table

The period number gives

us the number of shells of
electrons.
.

Potassium has 4 shells, therefore it

is in Period 4
 Recall :
The periodic table
• The group number is
connected to the number
of electrons in the
valence shell.

• The main group

elements are labelled 1,
2 and 13-18 or I to VIII.
Recall :
The periodic table

The transition metals are

labelled 3-12.
There are four blocks on the periodic table: s, p, d and f.

This will make

more sense
when we learn
electron
configuration in
Term 4
Trends in the periodic table
◦ Atomic radius
This lesson!
◦ Ionic radius
◦ Valency
◦ First Ionisation energy
◦ Successive ionization energies
◦ Electronegativity
◦ Metallic/Non-metallic character
Atomic Radius
The distance from the nucleus to
the edge of the electron (e-) cloud
or the outermost electron shell

The boundary is the 90% probability

sphere i.e., The probability of finding an
electron in that area.
The distances are very small and are
measured in picometres (pm)
(1pm= 1x 10-12 m)
 decreases
increases
Atomic radius
◦ Decreases left to right
As the positive charge increases,
the electrons are more attracted to
the nucleus

◦ Increases top to bottom

As the energy levels are filled the
atomic radius increases
Atomic radius decreases from left to right across the periodic table.
Atomic radii
Why? trends (p 5 of
the positive charge of the nucleus increases across the table due to the
extra protons in the nucleus. data booklet)
As the nucleus becomes more positive, the electrons in the outer
energy level are more strongly attracted to the positive nucleus and
they move closer together, making the atom smaller.

The atomic radii increases from the top to bottom in any groups.
Why?
The elements at the bottom of the group have more electron shells
filled than those at the top of a group. As more energy levels are filled,
the atomic radius increases.
 CFU
Based on your knowledge of the
atomic radius trends and using the
periodic table, organise the the
following atoms in increasing atomic
radius:
Mg; Na; K; Ca
 CFU Answer
Based on your knowledge of the
atomic radius trends and using the
periodic table, organise the the
following atoms in increasing atomic
radius:
Mg < Na < Ca < K

Increases as you go down a group,

decreases as you go across a period
 Ionic radii trends
What trend can you observe looking
at this periodic table?
 Ionic radius
Formation of an ion (Loss or gain
of electrons) changes the radius

◦ No trend across the periods

◦ Increases down a group
◦ To form ions, some atoms gain electrons, while other atoms lose
electrons.
◦ When an atom gains or loses electron(s), there is an imbalance
Ionic radii
in the amount of positively charged protons and negatively
charged electrons.
◦ As such, the attractive forces between the nucleus and the
electrons change, so the radius of the ion is different to that
atom.
◦ Atoms in different groups form ions in different ways, so there
is no clearly observable trend in the way that ionic radius
changes across a periodic table. However, within every group,
the ionic radius increases down the group, as the number of Information about Ionic radii is given in page 5 of your data booklet

electron shells increases.

 CFU
The Al atom has an atomic radius of 124 x 10-12 m, while the Al3+
cation has a ionic radius of 53 x 10-12 m.
Explain why the Al3+ cation is different from the size of the atom
from which is was formed.
 CFU Answer
The Al atom has an atomic radius of 124 x 10-12 m, while the Al3+
cation has a ionic radius of 53 x 10-12 m.
Explain why the Al3+ cation is different from the size of the atom
from which is was formed.

To become an ion aluminium lost 3 electrons

from its outer shell. Now it has two shells,
rather than three. It is now more similar to
atoms in period 2 than atoms in period 3)
and therefore will have a smaller atomic
radius.
Atomic Trend Videos
Getting confused? These videos
might help
◦ [Link]

◦ [Link]
Data question

Describe the relationship

between group and
atomic radius to identify
the differences in the
elements in period 3.
 CFU
Predict whether the Mg2+ cation is larger than F- anion. Explain your
choice based on the structure of the two ions.
 CFU Answer
Predict whether the Mg2+ cation is larger than F- anion. Explain your
choice based on the structure of the two ions.

Both the Mg2+ cation and F- anion have the same number
of shells due to the loss or gain of electrons (to have the
same electrons on Ne).
It is predicted that Mg2+ will be smaller than F- because it
has more protons than electrons. The nucleus will have a
very strong attractive force (2 more protons than
electrons) and will pull the electrons closer to the nucleus
and reduce the size of the radius.
 Exit Ticket
◦ Explain how an atomic radius differs from an ionic radius

◦ Explain why the number of subatomic particles in an atom

increases across a period but the size of the atom decreases.
New/old terms to remember

◦ Groups/periods
◦ Valence electrons
◦ Atomic radius
◦ Ionic radius

Homework: p52 Q.1-6

Lesson 2
Retrieval
1. Based on your understanding of the periodic table, sort the
following in order of increasing atomic radius: N; B; Se; Al;
Cl
2. Potassium hydroxide (0.1M) is titrated against 25 mL of an
unknown hydrochloric acid solution. The average volume of
potassium hydroxide was found to be 20.5 mL.
a. State the name of this reaction
b. Determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution.
Retrieval Answers
1. Based on your understanding of the periodic table, sort the
following in order of increasing atomic radius:
Period 2: B bigger than N
Period 3: Al bigger than Cl
Period 4: Se
Increase as you go down a group, decrease as you go across a
period
N < B < Cl < Al < Se
 Retrieval Answers
2. Potassium hydroxide (0.1M) is titrated against 25 mL of an unknown
hydrochloric acid solution. The average volume of potassium
hydroxide was found to be 20.5 mL.
a. State the name of this reaction Neutralisation
b. Determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution.
KOH + HCl  KCl + H2O base (KOH) : acid (HCl) ratio 1:1
n (KOH) = C/V n=0.1M x 0.025 L = 0.0025 mol
n(HCl) = 0.0025 mol
C (HCl) = n/V C = 0.0025 mol / 0.0205 L = 0.12 M
Periodic table
Learning Goals/Success
Criteria
◦ Describe and explain the trends
across periods and down groups,
including:valency,1st ionisation
energy and electronegativities
◦ Explain how successive
ionisation energy data is related
to the electron configuration

Chapter 2.4 (pp.59-63)

Trends in the periodic table
◦ Atomic radius
◦ Ionic radius
◦ Valency
◦ First Ionisation energy This lesson!
◦ Successive ionization energies
◦ Electronegativity
◦ Metallic/Non-metallic character
 Valence electron
is an outer shell electron that can participate in the
formation of a chemical bond
Covalent bonds
a chemical bond that shares electrons.

One covalent bond = 2 e-

 1
12 3 4 5 678
Valency
Is how many H atoms the
element can bond to
Each group has the same number
of valence electrons
(except for d-block the transition
metals)

Valence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
electrons
Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
Valency
Chlorine
Valence e- = 7
Only NEEDS one
electron to become
a full shell

What about the

others?
 1. Remember 2,8,8,2?
2. Refer to the periodic table and determine the number of
valence electrons for the atom.
3. If the number of valence electrons is four or fewer then the
valency is equal to the number of valence electrons
4. If the number of valence electrons is greater than four then
Valency the valency is calculated by subtracting the number of valence
calculation electrons from 8.
(ex: nitrogen has 5 valence electrons, so it has a valency of 3)
Let’s try!
What is the valency of carbon? C = 6 = 2,4.
8 - 4 valence e = a valency of 4.
 CFU
Determine the valency of bromine?
Determine the valency of aluminium?
First Ionisation energy
The energy required to remove an
electron from an atom in gas form (Low
ionization energy –easily forms an ion)
◦ Increases left to right across the Period because
the number of protons is increasing

Why would the increasing number of protons

increase the ionization energy?
First Ionisation
energy
Decreases down a
group because the
electrons are further away
from the nucleus

Why would the distance of the

electrons from the nucleus
decrease the ionization energy?
 First ionisation energy

Information about first ionisation energy is given in page 6

of your data booklet.
First ionisation
energy trends:
summary
Without looking at your
data booklet annotate the
diagram explaining the
ionization energy trend
and why they are
observed.
Successive Ionisation energies
Successive Ionisation energy is when you remove a second
electron from the ion. Why do you think it would be more difficult
than removing the first?
◦ The second electron removal is more difficult than the first
because the ion becomes more positively charged
◦ Each successive ionization energy will be larger than the first
(increases).
A A + + e-
A+ A2+ + e-
Recall:
Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove an
electron from the outermost shell of an isolated gaseous
atom.
Successive ionisation energy:
Successive
The amount of energies required to remove 2nd, 3rd ,4 th,
Ionisation
nth electron from cations after removal of 1st electron are
successive ionisation energies.
energies
So the number of electrons removed from the successive
number of shells and the energy involved is called
successive ionisation energy.
Second ionisation energy is defined by the equation:

It is the energy needed to remove a second electron from

each ion in 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions to give gaseous 2+ Successive
ions. Ionisation
When the first electron or the most loosely bound
electron is removed, the amount of energy required is less energies
than the energy required to remove the electron in the
next successive shell. This ionisation energy goes on
increasing with the number of electrons removed.
 Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure
of the tendency of an atom to
attract a bonding pair of
electrons.
Electronegativity
◦ Increases from left to right across a period
◦ Decreases down a group

◦ Measured in the Pauling scale

Fluorine MOST electronegative

Investigate why does electronegativity increase across a
period? and decrease down a group?

Information about electronegativity is given page 6 of your data booklet

 CFU
Which of the pairs are more electronegative:
• B or C
• Mg or Ca
• K or Sc
 CFU Answers
Which of the pairs are more electronegative:
• B or C
• Mg or Ca
• K or Sc
Data question

Using the data, describe

the relationship between
period number and
electronegativity.
 CFU
The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen,
fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular order:
1. Identify each element and justify
Element Atomic Radius First Ionization your answer.
(10−12 m) Energy (kJ mol−1)
2. Using the data booklet, compare
1 71 1402
the size of the ionic radius of the
2 104 1000
common ion formed from element 1
3 100 1251
to its atomic radius. Explain this
4 60 1681 change in size from atom to ion.
 CFU Answers
The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen,
fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular order:

Element Atomic Radius First Ionization

Element 1: Nitrogen
(10−12 m) Energy (kJ mol−1) Element 2: Sulfur
Element 3: Chlorine
1 71 1402
2 104 1000 Element 4: Fluorine
3 100 1251
4 60 1681
 Exit Ticket
Annotate the blank
periodic Table with the
periodic trends you have
learnt over the last 2
lessons
New/old terms to remember

◦ Valency
◦ Ionization energy
◦ Electronegativity

Homework: Worksheet
Lesson 3
Retrieval Questions
1. Define electronegativity and describe how electronegativity
changes across the periodic table.

2. A solution was found to have a pH of 8.4. Determine the

concentration of H+ in this solution.

3. Complete (and balance) the following chemical reaction:

Na(s) + O2(g) 
Retrieval Answers
1. Define electronegativity and describe how electronegativity
changes across the periodic table. The tendency of an atom to
attract a bonding pair of electrons. It increases as you go from left to
right across the periodic table.
2. A solution was found to have a pH of 8.4. Determine the
concentration of H+ in this solution. [H+] = 10-pH
[H+] = 10-8.4 [H+] = 3.98 x 10-9
3. Complete (and balance) the following chemical reaction:
4Na(s) + O2(g)  2Na2O (s)
Periodic table
Learning Goals/Success Criteria
◦ Compare and explain the metallic
and non-metallic behaviours of
elements, including group trends
and the reactivity for the alkali
metals (Li–Cs) and the halogens
(F–I)
◦ Recognise that oxides change
from basic through amphoteric to
acidic across a period

Chapter 2.4 (pp.62-63)

Periodic Trends, so far…
[Link]
 GOUP

Metallic/Non-metallic character
Increasing 1
metallic
Reactivity of metals
Metals are more reactive down a group and with a
lower group number.

Increasing reactivity
of metals
Reactivity of Metals
Wants to lose electrons!
Its all about how close the outer electrons are
to the nucleus

o As you go down a group – the distance from

the nucleus to the outer shell increases
(reactivity increases).

o As you go down a group – the inner shells

‘shield’ the effect of the positive nucleus
(reactivity increases).
 Reactivity of metals
• Metals generally lose electrons during chemical reactions.

• Electrons in larger atoms are held in shells that are at a greater

distance from the nucleus. This means they are less attracted to the
nucleus, less tightly held and more easily lost in chemical reactions.
This explains why metals are more reactive as you go down a group.

sodium in water • In addition, larger atoms have more electrons within inner electron
shells. This shields the valence electrons from the positive charge of
the nucleus, and so they are less attracted to the nucleus. This also
explains why metals are more reactive as you go down a group.
Reactivity of non-metals
Non-metals are more reactive up a group and with
a higher group number.

Increasing
reactivity of
non-metals
Reactivity of Non-metals
Wants to gain electrons!
Its all about how close the outer electrons are to the nucleus
o If the distance from the nucleus to the outer shell is short (reactivity
increases).
o No ‘shielding’ effects (reactivity increases).
 Reactivity of non-metals
• Non-metals generally gain electrons during chemical
reactions.
• Electrons in smaller atoms are held in shells that are at a
closer distance from the nucleus. This means they are
more attracted to the nucleus and it explains why non-
metals are more reactive as you go up a group.
chlorine gas • In addition, smaller atoms have fewer inner shell electrons,
and so the valence electrons experience little shielding and
are more attracted to the nucleus. This also explains why
non-metals are more reactive as you go up a group.
Task: Reactivity
Use the previous slides on Metals and Non-metals to compare the reactivity.

Include group trends and the

reactivity for the alkali metals
(Li–Cs) and the halogens (F–I)
Which are the elements called Alkali
metals?
Can you remember any properties of
alkali metals? Properties of
Low melting point, very reactive and excellent
conductors of heat and electricity
oxides
What is the main difference between a What can you
base and an acid? remember?
What is a neutralisation reaction?
What is an oxide? Types and
A compound of oxygen and another Properties of
element. oxides
Most oxides can be grouped into four types:
– basic oxides
– amphoteric oxides
– acidic oxides
– neutral oxides
Basic oxides
◦ Oxides of metal
◦ Solids at room temperature.
◦ Insoluble in water.
◦ React with acids to produce salts and
water only.
Magnesium, sodium and
calcium are found in which part
Example:
of the periodic table?
MgO + HCl➔MgCl2 + H2O
◦ Oxides of metals
◦ React with acids and alkalis to produce salts Amphoteric
Example : Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) oxides
◦ aluminium oxide as a base
An amphoteric oxide
Al2O3 + 6HCl ➔ 2AlCl3 + 3H2O behaves as an acid in the
presence of bases and as a
◦ aluminium oxide as an acid base in the presence of
Al2O3 + 2NaOH +3H2O➔ 2NaAl(OH)4 acids.
Acidic Oxides
◦ Oxides of non-metal
◦ Gases at room temp.
◦ React with water to produce acids.
SO3 + H2O ➔ H2SO4
◦ React with bases and alkalis to
produce salts Sulfur, carbon, phosphorus are found
in which part of the periodic table?
CO2 + 2NaOH➔Na2CO3 + H2O
Neutral oxides

◦ Non-metals that form oxides

that show neither basic nor
acidic properties and hence
do not form salts when
reacted with acids or bases
◦ Insoluble in water.
Using the information shown in the
previous slides: Identify which type Period 3 of
of oxides are present in the period 3. periodic table
Na, Mg (basic oxides) , Al (amphoteric oxide), Si, P,
S, Cl, Ar (acidic oxide)
Please note that Silicon is very weakly acidic and
therefore will need a strong base to react with.

From the trend observed in period 3

we can consequently recognise that
oxides change from basic
through amphoteric to acidic
across a period
 Exit Ticket
◦ Explain the difference between the four different oxides and how
they change across a period.
New/old terms to remember

◦ Reactivity
◦ Metallic
◦ Oxide
◦ Amphoteric

Homework: p63 Q.1-9.