MA2003: Introduction to Thermo-fluids
1. Basic concepts, fundamentals, definitions etc.,
temperature measurements and scales
Dr. Anutosh Chakraborty
Assistant Professor
Office: N3-02b-43
E-mail:
[email protected] Tel: 6790-4222
School of Mechanical And Aerospace Engineering
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Introduction to Thermo-Fluids
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THERMODYNAMICS: BASIC CONCEPTS
– Name arises from early efforts to * Postulates
utilize Heat to do Work * Laws
– Greek θερμη, therme, meaning “heat” “Energia”
and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning
"power"
– Enlarged scope in present concept :
Energy, How it is Transformed and
Properties of Matter
1st Law: Conservation of energy principle
2nd Law: Energy has quality and quantity.
Processes occur in direction of
decreasing quality of energy.
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed; it can only change forms
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DEFINITION AND APPLICATION AREAS
Some Application Areas of Thermodynamics
Human:
Energy
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DEFINITION AND APPLICATION AREAS
1. Power Generator
Car
Engine
2. Otto cycle
Pump, Valve, Turbine
Heat exchanger, 3. Refrigeration
Mass and energy balance cycle
Compressor…
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UNITS (S.I.)
• Pressure (P) - N/m2 (or Pa)
1 bar = 105 Pa,
1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa V
• Temperature (T) - °C (Celsius)
• K (Kelvin) = °C + 273 (absolute scale)
• ΔT: 1 degree C = 1 K
• Volume (V ) - m3
• Specific volume (v) - m3/kg
(= reciprocal of density, ρ)
• Mass (m) - kg; Length - m; Time - s;
• Force (F) – N (or kN)-- kg m/s2
• Heat (Q) or Work (W) - J (or kJ) -- N m
• Heat rate (Q ) or Power (Work Rate) –
W (or kW) –J/s or (kJ/s)
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DIMENSION AND UNITS
Unity Conversion Ratios
All equations must be dimensionally
homogeneous.
All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as
m ft
N kg 2 and lbf 32.174lbm 2
s s
The unity conversion ratios are
identically equal to 1 :
N lbf
1 & 1
kg m s 2
32.174lbm ft s 2
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DIMENSION AND UNITS-PRESSURE
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
Pressure (P) - N/m2 (or Pa)
1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa, 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position.
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and
the local atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Patm Pvac Pabs Pabs
'
Pgage
'
‘
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EXPLANATION
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THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
Boundary: The real or imaginary
surface that separates the system from
its surroundings.
• It is simply an enclosed space or device
and an engineer would like to investigate
• Characterized and defined by a set of
thermodynamic parameters
Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• The boundary of a system can be
fixed or movable
System
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine#/media/File:4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif / Zephyris (Richard Wheeler)
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A. CLOSED SYSTEM (CONTROL OR FIXED MASS)
- a fixed quantity of matter
(mass) V2
V1
- energy can be transferred
T1 T2
across boundary (by means of
heat or work) but no mass
transfer.
- boundary movable, i.e.
X
volume need not be fixed
Example: Piston-cylinder
assembly
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B. OPEN OR FLOW SYSTEM (EXCHANGE OF BOTH MATTER AND ENERGY)
Control surface
• Control surface Control
- gives a selected region in space or volume
boundary
- boundary can be fixed or moveable
- boundary can be imaginary.
• Control volume
involves mass flow in,
Applications out or both
energy can cross
boundary
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C. CLOSED SYSTEM
Special case of Closed System: Isolated system
- no energy or mass crossing boundary
Isolated
system
Triple Point Cell
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CONCLUSIONS
Type of system Mass flow Work Heat
Open system √ √ √
Closed system × √ √
Isolated system × × ×
Heat rejection
Critical Thinking:
Condenser
Compressor
Expansion
device
Work
Evaporator
Vapor Compression Cycle Cooling Load
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SOLVE THIS BY YOURSELF !
Example 1-1
A car is moving at the speed of 60 km/h. Define
the boundary of this system. How do mass and
energy cross the boundary? Define the boundary
of engine and the engine cylinder of a car?
Try!!
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SEE YOU AGAIN IN THE NEXT LECTURE
We have completed----
• Basic concepts and Applications.
• Units.
• Systems, Boundary and various systems
That’s all, folks!
Bye now
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