Instrumentation and

Measurement Techniques
EEPW 2320

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 POTENTIOMETERS
& BRIDGES

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 Potentiometer
 A Potentiometer is a devices that allows a lower
voltage to be derived from a higher voltage.

 The output is a scaled down, or divided version of

the input.

 If the output from a sensor is too high, for the

specification of the display, we can use a
potentiometer to scale down (reduce) the
voltage accordingly.
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 A potentiometer is a three- terminal resistor with a
sliding contact that forms an adjustable Voltage
Divider.
 If only two terminals are used, one end and the
wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Output Voltage Of Potentiometer,

𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 𝑖
( 𝑅𝑜
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑜
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)
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 Circuit Diagram Of Potentiometer

Wiring Diagram Of Potentiometer

𝑉 𝐴𝐵 𝑅 𝑋𝐽 𝐿 𝑋𝐽
= =
𝑉 𝑋𝑌 𝑅 𝑋𝑌 𝐿𝑋𝑌

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 Symbol of POT

Potentiometer
Rheostat

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Advantages of Potentiometer :
1. Potentiometer is easy to use
2. Potentiometer give the exact value of potential difference across any
two points in a circuit.
3. Potentiometer is available at Low cost
4. Potentiometer is Easily available in the market
5. Potentiometer Can be used for measuring even large voltages.
Disadvantages of Potentiometer :
6. It requires a large force to move their sliding contacts i.e. wiper.
2. There is wear and tear due to movement of the wiper.
It reduces the life of the potentiometer.
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 Example: Consider a potential divider diagram shown below. The
input voltage is 12 V and the sliding contact is set such that the
resistance across the output voltage is 8 kΩ, while the remainder
of the resistance element gives a resistance of 2 kΩ. Determine the
output voltage and hence the scaling factor of the potentiometer at
this setting.
Solution
𝑜 =𝑉 𝑖 ( 𝑅𝑜
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑜 )
𝑉 𝑜=12 𝑉 ( 8 𝑘Ω
2 𝑘Ω+8 𝑘Ω )
𝑉 𝑜=12 𝑉 × 0.8=9.6 𝑉
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 9.6 𝑉
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ( 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) = = ∗ 100=80 %
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 12 𝑉
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PROBLEM 1:
A potentiometer with a slide stroke of 3.0 is used to measure
linear movement of certain object. The total resistance of the
potentiometer is 5 kΩ. The input voltage VIN is 5 V. When the
slider is 0.9 in. from C, what is the value of the output voltage?
GIVEN:
LAC=3
LBC=0.9
RAC=5KOHM
VS=5V

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 Bridges
 These circuits will help us to find the values of the unknown
components like resistance, inductance, capacitance &
frequency.
Bridge Circuit
 The bridge circuit is a null method which operates on the
principle of comparison. That means a known or standard value
is adjusted until it is equal to the unknown value.
 These circuits will also help us to convert a change in physical
quantity to a change in resistance and hence into the desired
form of current or voltage i.e. signal conditioning in
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 Types Of Bridges

UNKNOWN

UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

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 Application of Bridges in measurement of
resistance (Types of bridges for various resistance measurements)
Sl. Type Range Examples Type of Bridge
No used

1 Low 0.0001 to 1Ω 1) Armature (Rotor) Kelvin’s

resistance R<1 Ω resistance Double Bridge
2) Ammeter resistance

2 Medium 1to 1000Ω 1)Field (stator) Wheatstone’s

resistance resistance Bridge
2)Voltmeter
Resistance
High
3 above1KΩ Insulation resistance Megger
resistance
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 Schering bridge
Owen bridge

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 DC Bridges
A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure
an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a
bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown
component.
Wheatstone bridge Circuit

Balance condition

𝑉𝑆
Unknown Resistance

Unknown
Resistance
Galvanometer
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 x
OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

= -

= - ] in Volts

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 PROBLEM 2:
Find the value of the unknown resistance connected in the circuit if R1= 100 Ω, R2=

200 Ω and R3= 300 Ω.

Solution:
Given :
Unknown
R1= 100 Ω, R2= 200 Ω and R3= 300 Ω. Resistance

Unknown resistance , ?

Unknown resistance,
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Example2:
An RTD (resistance temperature detector) 100Ω at normal
temperature is used to measure an unknown temperature. Calculate
the voltage output of the wheatstone bridge if suppose the resistance
change is increased by 10%. The value of R1, R2 and R3 = 100Ω, and
the applied voltage to the circuit is 9V.
Solution: 10% increase of RRTD which is 100Ω is equal to 10Ω.
Therefore when subjected to T2, RRTD2 = 110Ω. Using the formula
below, we calculate VG

𝑉 𝐺=𝑉 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐷 =
(𝑅𝑥
−
𝑅2
𝑉 110
) 100
𝑅3 +𝑅 𝑥 𝑅1 +𝑅 2 ⇒ 𝑉 𝐺 = 100 +110 − 100+100 9𝑉
𝑠
( )
= 0.2142 V

Since is positive, the current flows from point B to point D.

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 ACTIVITY

2)CIRCUIT IS UNDER BALANCED CONDITION 3)CIRCUIT IS UNDER UNBALANCED CON

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3) A wheatstone bridge has a ratio arm of 1/100. At

first balance, R3 is adjusted to 1000.3 Ω. The value of

Rx is then changed by the temperature change, the
new value of R3 to achieve the balance condition is
1002.1 Ω. Find the change of Rx due to the
temperature change.

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 AC Bridge
At the balance condition of the bridge,
1

Circuit diagram of a common AC bridge

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 Maxwell Bridge
Maxwell’s Bridge measures an unknown inductance or
capacitance with a known inductance or capacitance.

Maxwell’s Inductance
Bridge

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 Maxwell’s bridges are frequency
independent bridges.

 It must contain at least 2 variable elements

in its arms to reach the balance condition.

 Thus by using Maxwell Inductance Bridge

the unknown Ru and Lu are found as:

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 ANDERSON BRIDGE
Anderson Bridge is a most Accurate Bridge

Andersor Bridge measures unknown inductance

Unknown Inductance L is determined by varying 2 resistance R4&R5 & by

keeping C as fixed.

In Andersor Bridge the value of Inductance varies from microH to several H.

It is a Comparison Bridge

Andersor Bridge is the Modification of Maxwell’s L-C bridge

Andersor Bridge is a Frequency Independent Bridge

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 ANDERSON BRIDGE

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By Anderson Bridge the unknown inductance is found as :
Unknown Inductance , L=C[

Where, C = Standard Capacitor (Farad)

R1, R2&R3 = Known Resistance (ohm)

R4&R5 = Variable Resistance (ohm)

L = UnKnown inductance (Henry)

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 THEORY EXAM(SECTION 2)
DATE : 16-11-2022
DAY: WEDNESDAY
PORTIONS: CLASS 1 TO 5
TIME DURATION: 8.10 TO 9.10 PM

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 LAB TEST 1 (15 MARKS)
DATE & DAY : 17-10-2022 (MONDAY)

PART A- 5 MARKS
STUDY PPTS OF CLASS 1,2,3&4

PART B – 10 MARKS
STUDY FULL REPORT OF
EXPERIMENT: - MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE
EXPERIMENT: - LVDT
EXPERIMENT: - STRAIN GAUGE

TIME DURATION: 1 HOUR

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 THEORY EXAM(SECTION 1)
DATE : 13-11-2022
DAY: SUNDAY
PORTIONS: CLASS 1 TO 4 FULLY
CLASS 5 UPTO AC BRIDGE DERIVATION
TIME DURATION: 12.10 TO 1.10 PM

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 LAB TEST 2 (15 MARKS) SECTION 1
DATE & DAY : 1-12-2022 (THURSDAY)

PART A- 5 MARKS
STUDY PPTS OF CLASS 5,6&7

PART B – 10 MARKS
STUDY FULL REPORT OF
EXPERIMENT: - LINEAR AND VARIABLE POTENTIOMETER
EXPERIMENT: - WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
EXPERIMENT: - INVERTING AMPLIFIER

TIME DURATION: 1 HOUR

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