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Statistical - Physics M.Sc. 3 Sem

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Statistical - Physics M.Sc. 3 Sem

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kapil singh
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INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN EDUCATION

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

Session 2023-2024

DEPARMENT - MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS

SUBJECT : Statistical Physics

GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY
DR. RAVI PRAKASH SIR KAPIL SINGH
HANUMAN SINGH
M.Sc. 3rd SEMESTER
( PHYSICS )
Introduction
 Statistical Physics concerned with physical systems
containing a large number of particles.
Examples include gases, liquids, solids, and photon gases etc.

 Most systems are large; isolated particles rarely occur.

 The key objective of Statistical Physics is to predict the


behavior of a large systems based on the known properties
of the individual particles and their interactions.

 We are interested in macroscopic parameters like


temperature, pressure, heat capacity, etc.

 Statistical Mechanics aims at deriving these macroscopic


parameters from microscopic properties of the system.
Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) Statistics
The basic postulates of MB statistics are:
(i)The associated particles are identical and distinguishable.
(ii)Each energy state can contain any number of particles.
(iii)Total number of particles in the entire system is constant.
(iv)Total energy of all the particles in the entire system is constant.
(v)Particles are spinless.
(vi) There is no restriction on the number of particles which can
occupy a single phase cell.
(vii) The available volume of the phase space cell can be very small
(viii) The phase space can be divided into a very large number of cells
Examples: gas molecules at high temperature and low pressure.
Bose- Einstein (BE) Statistics:
The basic postulates of BE statistics are:
(i)The associated particles are identical and indistinguishable.
(ii)Each energy state can contain any number of particles.
(iii)Total energy and total number of particles of the entire system is
constant
(iv)The particles have zero or integral spin, i.e. 0ℏ, 1ℏ,5ℏ ,50ℏ etc.,
where ℏ is the unit of spin.
(v)The wave function of the system is symmetric under the positional
exchange of any two particles. Examples: photon, phonon, all mesons
(π,,) etc., these are known as Bosons.
[Note: Symmetric and Anti-symmetric wave function
Suppose the allowed wave function for a n-particles system is
ψ(1,2,3,…..,r, s,…n), where the integers within the argument of ψ
represent the coordinates of the n-particles relative to some fixed origin.
Now, if we interchange the positions of any two particles, say, r and s, the
resulting wave function becomes ψ(1,2,3,….s, r,…..n).
The wave function ψ is said to be symmetric
when ψ(1,2,3,…..,r, s,…n) =  ψ(1,2,3,….s, r,…..n)
and anti-symmetric when ψ(1,2,3,…..,r, s,…n) = −ψ(1,2,3,….s, r,…..n)]
Fermi-Dirac (FD) Statistics
The basic postulates of FD statistics are:
(i) Particles are identical and indistinguishable.
(ii) Total energy and total number of particles of the entire
system is constant
(iii) Particles have half-integral spin,

(iv) Particles obey Pauli’s exclusion principle, i.e. no two


particles in a single system can have the same value for each
of the four quantum numbers. In other words, a single energy
state can contain at best a single particle with appropriate
spin.

(v) The wave function of the system is anti-symmetric under


the positional exchange of any two particles. Examples:
electron, proton, neutron, all hyperons
(Λ, Σ, Ξ, Ω) etc., these are known as Fermions.
Systems
We distinguish between three types of idealized systems.

Isolated system. A system that is completely isolated from


the surrounding environment,
i.e. it exchanges neither energy nor particles with the
environment. (Ex: hot coffee in a closed thermos bottle.)

Closed system. A system that may exchange energy but not


particles with its environment.
(Ex: hot coffee in a closed glass jar.)

Open system. A system that may exchange both energy and


particles with the surrounding environment.
(Ex: hot coffee in an open cup.)
Equilibrium State
 A system is said to be in equilibrium when none of the macroscopic
parameters of the system change in time.

 Systems that are not in equilibrium will change their macroscopic


properties until eventually reaching an equilibrium state.
Example. Imagine you add a cube of sugar to your hot tea. When the
cube dissolves, it initially forms a layer at the bottom of the tea cup,
leading to an inhomogeneous sugar concentration. After a while, the
sugar is completely dissolved and homogeneously distributed in the
tea.

 Equilibrium states are significantly easier to describe than non-


equilibrium states.
Example. Consider the compression of a gas in a cylinder with a
moveable piston. As long as the piston motion is slow enough, the
density distribution of the gas inside the cylinder is homogenous and
the gas pressure corresponds to the equilibrium pressure at all
Probability
Fermi-Dirac Statistics

 EF is called the Fermi energy.


 When E = EF, the exponential term is 1.
FFD = ½
 In the limit as T → 0,

 At T = 0, fermions occupy the lowest energy levels.


 Near T = 0, there is little chance that thermal agitation will kick a
fermion to an energy greater than EF.
Classical and Quantum Distributions

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