ECE 485/585

Microprocessor System Design

Yuchen Huang

Maseeh College of Engineering

and Computer Science

Initial content copied verbatim from ECE 485/585 material

developed by Professor Mark G. Faust @ PSU ECE
Serial Buses
- Part 2
 Serial Buses
• Bus Trends
• Clocking
• Line Codes
• Differential Signaling
• USB 2.0, USB 3.0

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 USB
• Universal Serial Bus
– Need for new peripheral bus
• Inexpensive
• Capable of supporting wide range of devices
• Simple (no IRQ contention, etc)
• “Hot-pluggable” (plug and play)
– USB introduced 1995
• Compaq, Digital, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, Northern Telecom, later 25
companies
– USB 2.0 Finalized April 2000
• Fully backward compatible  implications!

LS Low Speed 1.5 Mbps

USB 1.X Low speed devices: keyboard, mice
FS Full Speed 12 Mbps
USB 2.0 HS High Speed 480 Mbps Higher speed devices: scanners
disks, CD/RW, flash storage

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 USB – Flexible Peripheral Interface
• Tree Topology
– Point-to-point links
– Hubs (7 peripherals/hub)
– 127 devices maximum
– 5m maximum cable length
• Serial Interface
– LSB first
• Low power devices can be powered
through cable
– 100mA
– 500mA if permitted by host
• Isochronous
– Device can request guaranteed
bandwidth
• “Mission Critical” applications
• Audio, streaming video

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 USB Interfaces
Through PCI Bus Integrated into I/O Controller Hub (SouthBridge)

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 Tree Topology
• Host Controller
– Generates transactions
• Hubs
– Controls power to its ports
– Enables/disables ports
– Recognizes devices attached ports
– Reports status events associated with ports
(when requested by host)
• Devices

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 USB 2.0 Connectors
Contact Signal Cable
• Standard A connectors Number Name Color

– USB cable to USB port 1 Vcc/VBus Red (Orange)

2 -Data White (Yellow)
– Most common
3 +Data Green (Grey)
– Cable attached to peripheral at other end
4 Ground Black (Blue, Brown)
• Standard B connectors
– USB cable to peripheral
– Used with detachable cables
• Mini connectors (A and B)
– 5th wire: ID signal (Gnd/NC for A/B)
– No longer being developed
• Micro connectors (A and B) “A” connection “B” connection “Mini B” connection
– Replace mini connectors upstream downstream downstream
– OTG (On The Go) devices to PC to peripheral to peripheral
– Micro A-B receptacle accepts micro-A or micro-B plugs
– Devices senses ID, behaves as host or peripheral
• Power contacts (1mm) longer than differential data contacts
– Ensure power prior to data contacts mating

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 USB Signaling
• Differential and Single-Ended Receivers

When no device connected,

D+ and D- both low

When device attached, pull-up

D+ high (FS device)

D- high (LS device)

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 FS Device Connection/Detection

• For FS devices, D+ is pulled up

– R for pulldown is 15KW
– R for pullup is 1.5KW
– V will be 90% of Vcc

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 LS Device Connection/Detection

• For LS devices, D- is pulled up

– R for pulldown is 15KW
– R for pullup is 1.5KW
– V will be 90% of Vcc

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 Device Disconnect

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Bus Idle State (J state)

Device Reset
High Speed: Both D- and D+ low

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 High Speed Devices

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 High Speed Device Connect
Initially connect as Full Speed devices
Then “chirp” K state awaiting KJ chirp
response from hub if hub is HS capable

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 Power Up (Software Controlled)

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 Layers and Logical Communication

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 Endpoints

• Drivers communicate with device endpoints

• All devices must support endpoint 0 (control)
• Except for endpoint 0 all endpoints unidirectional
• Devices can implement multiple endpoints
• CD/ROM
– Endpoint for control
– Endpoint for writing data
– Endpoint for reading data
– Endpoint for reading audio
• Isochronous

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 USB Devices Share “Frames”

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 Transfer Types
• Control
– Used to transfer requests to devices
– Particular use for configuration
• Interrupt
– For traditionally interrupt-driven devices (e.g. keyboard)
– Actually implemented with polling
• Bulk
– Large blocks of data without transfer rate requirements (e.g. printer)
• Isochronous
– Data requiring constant delivery rate (e.g. audio, video-conferencing)
– No error checking (occasional bad data better than no or late data)
– During configuration devices indicate amount of guaranteed
bandwidth needed

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 Transactions
• Transaction consists of multiple packets
– Token/Data/ACK
• Must complete in (micro) frame
• USB Client Driver
– Initiates transfers
– Using IRP (I/O Request Packet)
• USB Driver
– Breaks IRPs into transactions
– Achievable in single frame
– Transaction descriptors created
• Host Controller Driver
– Schedules transaction descriptors
– Using knowledge of devices
– Allocates to frames
• USB Host Controller
– Traverses transaction descriptors
– Serializes data
– Creates USB packets

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 Transfer Descriptors
• USB Device Address
• Type of Transfer
• Direction of Transfer
• Speed of Device
• Address of Device Driver’s Buffer

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 Frame Generation

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 Frames and mFrames
1ms

125ms

Low Speed Mode Full Speed Mode High Speed Mode

1ms frames 1ms frames 125ms frames
1,500 bits per frame 12,000 bits per frame 60,000 bits per mframe
187.5 KB/s 1.5 MB/s 60 MB/s

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 Microframes

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 Host Controller Handles USB

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 “Payload” Efficiency
Packet Details
How effectively is the available
bandwidth used to deliver data?
High Speed
Transfer Max Efficiency
Type Packet Size
Isochronous 1024 bytes ~96%
Interrupt 1024 bytes ~96%
Bulk 512 bytes ~90%
Control 64 bytes ~27%

Full Speed
Transfer Max Efficiency
Type Packet Size
Isochronous 1023 bytes ~99%
Isochronous 512 bytes ~98%
Isochronous 64 bytes ~86%
Other 64 bytes ~82%

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 Start of Packet (SOP)
Sync

End of Packet (EOP)

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 High Speed Start Of Packet

High Speed End Of Packet

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 Packet Format
Packet Type ID (PID) determines packet type. Actually four bits. Second 4 bits are first
4 bits complemented (as error check)

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 Packets
• Token packets
– Sent at beginning of transaction to specify target endpoint address
• Define type of transaction
– SOF (Start of Frame)
– IN (transfer from target USB device to system)
– OUT (transfer from system to target USB device)
– SETUP (start of control transfer)
• Data packets
– For data payload (follow token packets)
• Handshake packets
– Sent by device to acknowledge receipt of data
• ACK/NAK/NYET/STALL
• Special packets
– Pre-amble packets to enable low-speed ports prior to sending low-speed
packets
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 Transactions
Isochronous transactions do
not use handshake packets

Data Toggle: Data sent in alternating DATA0 and DATA1 packets to facilitate error recovery.

1 OUT 2

3 DATA0 4 9 DATA1 10
Host Target Host Target
01 7 ACK 6 01 10 13 ACK 12 10
8 5 14 11

Host begins with toggle = 0, sends DATA0 packet Host with toggle = 1, sends DATA1 packet
Target (also toggle=0) is expecting DATA0 packet Target (also toggle=1) is expecting DATA1 packet
Target, receiving correct packet type, toggles & sends ACK Target, receiving correct packet type, toggles & sends ACK
Host, receiving ACK, toggles Host, receiving ACK, toggles
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 Transactions – Data Packet Errors
1 OUT 2

3 DATA0 4 7 DATA0 8
Host Target Host Target
00 00 01 11 ACK 10 01
6 5 12 9

Host begins with toggle = 0, sends DATA0 packet Host retries with DATA0 packet
Target (also toggle=0) is expecting DATA0 packet Host and target consistent
Target detects errors in packet, ignores packet, discards data, maintains toggle = 0
Host, not receiving ACK, maintains toggle and retries…

Errors can also occur because ACK wasn’t received in specified number of bit times

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 OUT transaction, bad ACK
1 OUT 2

3 DATA0 4
Host Target
00 7 ACK 6 01
8 5

Host begins with toggle = 0, sends DATA0 packet

Target (also toggle=0) is expecting DATA0 packet
Target, receiving correct packet type, toggles & sends ACK
Host fails to receive correct ACK handshake, doesn’t toggle

9 DATA0 10
Host Target
01 13 ACK 12 11
14 11

Host with toggle = 0, re-sends DATA0 packet

Target (toggle=1) expecting DATA1 packet, discards DATA0 packet,
maintains toggle, sends ACK
ECE 485/585: Serial Buses Host, receiving ACK, toggles, next transaction will use DATA1 packet 34
 USB Features
• No arbitration!
– Everything controlled by host (master)
– Point-to-point with host as one point
– No device-to-device communication
• USB devices don’t use I/O or memory address space
– Memory used for buffers, descriptors
– Devices have “addresses” but not from I/O or memory space
• Error detection and correction
– CRC (16-bit for data packets, 5-bit for others)
– ACK, DATA0/DATA1
– Resend bad packets (unless isochronous)

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 USB 3.0
• Status
– Introduced September 2007 at Intel Developer’s Forum
– Version 1.0 specification complete November 2008
– First consumer products certified in January 2010
• Introduces SuperSpeed Mode
– Preserves backwards compatibility
• USB 2.0 devices will work in USB 3.0 systems
– Forward compatible
• USB 3.0 devices will work in USB 2.0 systems
– Signaling similar to PCI-e 2.0
– Essentially adds second bus alongside USB 2.0
• 4.8 Gbps (5Gbps less overhead of 8b/10b)
• Two additional differential signal pairs (separate transmit/receive)
• Eliminate polling
• Additional power and ground
• Additional power available to devices
• Low power modes
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 USB 3.0

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 USB 2.0 Connectors
Contact Signal Cable
• Standard A connectors Number Name Color

– USB cable to USB port 1 Vcc/VBus Red (Orange)

2 -Data White (Yellow)
– Most common
3 +Data Green (Grey)
– Cable attached to peripheral at other end
4 Ground Black (Blue, Brown)
• Standard B connectors
– USB cable to peripheral
– Used with detachable cables
• Mini connectors (A and B)
– 5th wire: ID signal (Gnd/NC for A/B)
– No longer being developed
• Micro connectors (A and B) “A” connection “B” connection “Mini B” connection
– Replace mini connectors upstream downstream downstream
– OTG (On The Go) devices to PC to peripheral to peripheral
– Micro A-B receptacle accepts micro-A or micro-B plugs
– Devices senses ID, behaves as host or peripheral
• Power contacts (1mm) longer than differential data contacts
– Ensure power prior to data contacts mating

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 USB 3.0 Connectors

USB 3.0
Standard-A plug
Works with USB 2.0
Standard-A receptacle

USB 3.0
Standard-B plug and receptacle
Receptacle can accept USB 2.0
plug

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 USB 3.0 Signals

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 USB 3.0

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 USB 3.0
• Details
– 8b/10b encoding
– Spread spectrum clocking

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 IEEE 1394
• Introduced 1995
• Apple FireWire, Sony iLink
• 400 Mbps
• Supports peer-to-peer communications
– Doesn’t require PC
• Consumer electronics
– e.g. Video camera to PC

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 Comparison
Interface Introduced Speed
Serial Port 1960s 20 Kbps
Parallel Port 1981 1.1 Mbps
USB 1995 12 Mbps
FireWire (1394) 1995 400 Mbps
USB 2.0 2000 480 Mbps
FireWire 800 2001 850 Mbps
USB 3.0 2010 4.8 Gbps (bidir)
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