TOTAL INTERNAL

REFLECTION
CLASS 12 E
ROLL -
CONTENTS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have
supported and guided us throughout the completion of this physics
project.
• First and foremost, we are deeply grateful to our physics instructor,
[Instructor’s Name], for their invaluable guidance, insightful feedback, and
constant encouragement. Their expertise and dedication have been
instrumental in shaping our understanding and approach towards this
project.
• We extend our heartfelt thanks to [School/Institution Name] for providing
the necessary resources and a conducive learning environment Lastly, we
thank each other as team members for the collective effort, dedication,
and perseverance that went into completing this project. The synergy and
teamwork demonstrated have been truly remarkable and essential to our
success.
 introduction
• REFLECTION • CRITICAL ANGLE
• Reflection of light is the processof • Critical angle is the angle of incidence
bouncing back light rays whenit in the denser medium corresponding
strikesthe smooth and shinyreflecting to which the angle of refraction in the
susurface rarer mediumis 90°
||μ = 1 / sin ic ||
• Refraction • REFRACTIVE INDEX
• Refraction is the bending of light as it • The refractive index (or index of
passes from one transparent medium refraction) is a dimensionless
to another with a different density. number that describes how light
This change in speed and direction propagates through a particular
occurs because light travels at medium.
different speeds in different media..
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Total internal reflection is an optical phenomenon that
happens when a ray of light strikes a medium boundary at
an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect
to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is
lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident
angle is greater than the critical angle, no light can pass
through and all of the light is reflected. The critical angle
is the angle of incidence above which the total internal
reflectance occurs.
When a light beam crosses a boundary between
materials with different kinds of refractive indices, the
light beam will be partially refracted at the boundary
surface, and partially reflected. However, if the angle of
incidence is greater (i.e. the ray is closer to being parallel
to the boundary) than the critical angle – the angle of
incidence at which light is refracted such that it travels
along the boundary – then the light will stop crossing the
boundary altogether and instead be totally reflected back
internally. This can only occur where light travels from a
medium with a higher [n1=higher refractive index] to one
with a lower refractive index [n2=lower refractive index].
For example, it will occur when passing from glass to air,
but not when passing from air to glass.
 SNELL’S LAW
• Snell's Law, also known as the law of refraction, describes how light or other waves
change direction when they pass through the boundary between two different
media with distinct refractive indices. It provides a mathematical relationship
between the angles of incidence and refraction and the refractive indices of the
two media.
• Mathematical Formulation
 TO DEMONSTRATE TIR
• First set up the soda bottle by drilling a hole near
• Materials the bottom of the bottle. Begin with a drill bit
that has a diameter which is slightly larger than
• empty soda pop bottle the diameter of the laser that will be used. We
used a 1/4 inch drill bit, however sizes as small as
(2 liter) 7/32 inch worked as well.
• First tape the hole and then fill the bottle with
• tape water. The cap will prevent leaking because it
creates a vacuum in the bottle.
• hand drill • Stand the soda bottle on top of a stack of books
so the hole is facing the bucket. The laser should
• drill bits be placed in a binder clip so it stays on, and then
set on a stack of books and papers. The laser
• water should be lined up so that the laser light goes
through the soda bottle, and into the center of
• green laser the hole. See Figure 2 (top left picture) for
details.
• bucket • Carefully remove the tape and then unscrew the
top of the soda bottle. The light should reflect
• old books, etc for stands within the stream of water so that you could see
at least a few points of reflection. The light
should be visible through the entire stream.
• If the reflections of the light isn't clear, it may be
necessary to expand the hole by drilling through
EXPERIMENT TO DEMONSTRATE TIR
 Phase shift upon tir
A lesser-known aspect of total internal reflection is that the reflected light has
an angle dependent phase shift between the reflected and incident light.
Mathematically this means that the Fresnel reflection coefficient becomes
a complex rather than a real number. This phase shift is polarization
dependent and grows as the incidence angle deviates further from the
critical angle toward grazing incidence. The polarization dependent phase
shift is long known and was used by Fresnel to design the Fresnel rhomb
which allows transforming circular polarization to linear polarization and
vice versa for a wide range of wavelengths (colours), in contrast to the
quarter wave plate. The polarization dependent phase shift is also the
reason why TE and TM guided modes have different dispersion relations
 APPLICATIONS OF TIR
• MIRAGE
• Brilliance of Diamonds and Other Precious
Stones
• Optical Fibres
• Prismatic binoculars
 MIRAGE
• It is an optical illusion observed in desert in a hot day. The object such as tree is
observed inverted and observer gets an impression that there is a pool of water.
This phenomena is known as mirage.Due to intense heat, the surface of earth
becomes quite hot and the temperature of air near the surface of earth is max.
The temp of the other layers of the air goes on decreasing as one goes up. Dimity
as well as refractive index of air increases slightly for higher layers. Thus a ray of
light traveling from point O of a tree passes through air of gradually decreasing
refractive index and is therefore refracted more and more away from the normal
and accordingly the angle of incidence goes on increasing. At a layer, when the
angle of incidence becomes greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection
takes place. Then the ray of light starts traversing layers of increasing refractive
index and goes on bending more and more towards the normal. Ultimately, when
the ray reaches the eye of the observer, it appears to be coming from the point I.
Hence the inverted image of the tree produces the impression of reflection from a
pool of water.
MIRAGE
 BRILIANCE OF DIAMOND
• the critical angie 24. 4° for the diamond-air boundary is extremely small. This
property of the diamond-air boundary plays an important role in the brilliance of a
diamond gemstone. Having a small critical angle, light has the tendency to become
"trapped" inside of a diamond once it enters. Most rays approach the diamond at
angles of incidence greater than the critical angle (as it is so small) so a light ray
will typically undergo TIR several times before finally refracting out of the
diamond. This gives diamond a tendency to sparkle. The effect can be enhanced by
the cutting of a diamond gemstone with a 'strategically' planned shape.
 OPTICAL FIBRE
• Optical fibers, made of high-quality composite glass with a core of higher refractive
index and a cladding of lower refractive index, transmit light through recurrent
total internal reflections. This process allows light to travel efficiently from one end
to the other. Optical fibers are used in communications to transmit electrical
signals and in the medical industry to examine internal organs.
 PRISMATIC BINOCULARS
• When the light enters the binoculars and refracts through the prism, it reflects off
of the prism, because the angle of incidence, is lower than its critical angle. Due to
the shape of the prism, the light may undergo total internal reflection many times
before finally exiting the prism.
• Total Internal Reflection can be applied to many different devices that perform in
various ways.
• It is used in Prismatic Binoculars to magnify the light rays and create a non
inverted, clarified visual of something off in the distance, and is used for sight
seeing.
• .
WORKING OF BINOCULARS
TIR EXPERIENCED BY DIVER
 FUTURE SCOPE OF TIR
• PHOTONIC SENSOR.
• Total Internal Reflections -basedsensors could become moreprevalent in
applications such asenvironmental monitoring,medical diagnostics, and
industrialsensing due to their highsensitivity and specificity

• BIOMEDICAL IMAGING
• TIR-based techniquesmight advance biomedicalimaging methods, allowingfor
higher resolution anddeeper tissue penetrationin applications likeendoscopy
andmicroscopy.

• QUANTUM COMMUNICATION
• TIRcouldbeintegratedintoquantumcommunicationsystemsforsecuredat
atransmissionoverlongdistances,enhancingquantumkeydistributionpro
tocols.
QUESTIONS ASKED IN COMPETETIVE EXAM
BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF TIR

JEE MAINS 2021

JEE MAINS
JEE MAIN 2019 2021
QUESTIONS ASKED IN COMPETETIVE EXAM
BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF TIR

JEE MAIN 2019

AIEEE
2009
THANK YOU

JEE MAIN 2019

AIEEE
2009
GROUP MEMBERS

JEE MAIN 2019

AIEEE
2009