FIJACIÓN DE CARTAS
Reviewed: 22 February 1999
Símbolos del gráfico
• Puntos de fijación
• Rocas
• Naufragios
• Contornos de profundidad
• Profundidades mantenidas
• Luces
• Referencia: Gráfico 5011
Símbolos del gráfico
Puntos de fijación
Chimenea
Torre
• Iglesia
• Monumento
Chart Symbols
Rocas
Roca que cubre
Roca inundada en Chart
Datum
• Roca que no cubre
•
Chart Symbols
Naufragios
• Una selección
de pecios
• Consulte el
cuadro 5011
para obtener
más
información.
Chart Symbols
Contornos de profundidad
Chartwork
We will look at:
• Plotting symbols Cocked hats
• Instruments Fixing reports
• Fixing Speed/time/distance
• Dead reckoning Changing charts
• Composite fixes Navigational record book
Plotting Symbols
Position Lines
‘A position line is any line, drawn on the
chart, on which the ship’s position is known
to lie. It may be curved or straight’
Electronic
Range navaid position
Bearing line
G - GPS
D - Decca
Plotting Symbols
A fix
0906
NB: A fix is not complete without a 4 figure
time
Instruments
• Parallel Rule
• Dividers
• Compass
• 2B Pencils
• Rubber
• Pencil sharpener
• Chronometer
• Portland speed/time/distance rule
Fixing
• A ship can be anywhere along a position
line
• A fix is where two or more position lines
cross
• Use at least three lines where practicable
• A fix tells you where you were - it is history
Fixing
In sight of land Out of sight of land
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Fixing
In sight of land Out of sight of land
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Visual Astro
Fixing
In sight of land Out of sight of land
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Visual Radar Astro Navaids
Navaids Soundings
Soundings
Fixing
Taking a visual bearing
Fixing
Fixing Intervals
• Pilotage - 3 min intervals
• Coastal - 6 mins
• Open sea - 12 mins
Also fix every time there is
• A course alteration
• A chart change
• An emergency e.g. MOB
If you are unsure of your position - FIX
Fixing
• Ship’s track is
marked on the
chart
Fixing
• Ship’s track is
marked on the
chart
• Course indicated
with 3 figure
number parallel
15
0
to track
Fixing
• La trayectoria del
barco está marcada en
la carta
• Recorrido indicado
con 3 cifras paralelas
a la pista
15
• Velocidad indicada
0
por el número en caja
12
Fijación
• Elige 3 objetos con
un buen corte
• Orientarse con el
pelorus
• Escríbelos en el
Libro de Registro de
15
0
Nav con tiempo,
rumbo y velocidad 12
Fixing
• Plot the first
15
0
12
Fixing
• Plot the first
• Plot the second
15
0
12
Fixing
• Plot the first
• Plot the second
• Plot the third
15
0
12
Fixing
• Trazar el primero
• Trazar el segundo
• Trazar la tercera 1424
• Marque la
corrección con un
15
círculo y un tiempo
0
de 4 figuras
12
Dead Reckoning
Dead reckoning is a prediction of position
using:
• Course - from compass
• Distance - from speed and time
Dead Reckoning
• Mark off the
course you are
steering
1424
1 65
15
0
12
Dead Reckoning
Dead reckoning is a prediction of position
using:
• Course - from compass
Dead Reckoning
Dead reckoning is a prediction of position
using:
• Course - from compass
• Distance - from speed and time
• It does not take into account wind, tide, drift or
any other factors
Dead Reckoning
• Mark off the
course you are
steering
1424
• Mark the next
two fixing
1 65
intervals 30
15
0
36 12
Composite Fix
• A fix may be
composed of a
mixture of
position lines
15
0
12
Composite Fix
• A fix may be
composed of a
mixture of
position lines
• Radar range
15
0
12
Composite Fix
• A fix may be
composed of a
mixture of
position lines
• Radar range
• Visual bearing
15
0
12
Composite Fix
• A fix may be
composed of a
mixture of
D
position lines
• Radar range
• Visual bearing
15
0
• Navaid position
lines 12
Composite Fix
• A fix may be
composed of a
mixture of
D
position lines 1424
• Radar range
• Visual bearing
15
0
• Navaid position
lines 12
Cocked Hats
• If your position
lines do not
cross at a point
decide if the
cocked hat is
small or not
15
• This is small
0
12
Cocked Hats
• Place the fix
towards the
1424
nearest point of
danger within
the cocked hat
15
0
12
Cocked Hats
• Place the fix
towards the
1424
nearest point of
danger within
the cocked hat
1 65
30
• DR onwards
15
0
36
12
Cocked Hats
• Place the fix
towards the
1424
nearest point of
danger within the
cocked hat
1 65
1430
• DR onwards
15
0
• Continue fixing
36
at normal interval 12
Cocked Hats
• This is BIG
15
0
12
Cocked Hats
• Place the fix
towards the 1424
nearest point of
danger within
the cocked hat
15
0
12
Cocked Hats
• Place the fix
towards the 1424
nearest point of
danger within
the cocked hat
1 65
30
• DR on
15
0
36
12
Cocked Hats
• Place the fix
towards the nearest
1424
point of danger
within the cocked 1426
hat
1 65
30
• DR on
1 65
32
15
• Refix
0
IMMEDIATELY 36
and DR 38 12
Fixing Reports
Every time you fix report to the OOW:
• Quality and type of fix
• On track or how far off track
• How much safe water to nearest point of danger
• Course and time to regain track
• Time to next wheelover & new course
TO BE CLEAR, COMPLETE, IN STANDARD
FORMAT
Fixing Reports
OOW - Chart!
OOW!
Last fix - good visual fix
...puts us 2 cables port of track
...with a further 7 cables of safe water to port
...recommend come right to a new course of 315 to
regain track at minute 27
...estimated time of next wheelover is minute 38 - new
course will be 070
OOW roger!
Speed, Time, Distance
Distance
Speed Time
This triangle may help you to remember the
way speed, time and distance are related
Speed, Time, Distance
Distance =
Speed Time
Distance = speed x time
Speed, Time, Distance
Distance
Speed = Time
Speed = distance / time
Speed, Time, Distance
Distance
Speed = Time
Time = distance / speed
Speed, Time, Distance
Speed Distance Distance Distance
(kn) in 3 min in 5 min in 6 min
6 3c 5c 0.6M
10 5c 8.3c 1.0M
12 6c 10M 1.2M
Speed, Time, Distance
Speed Distance Distance Distance
(kn) in 3 min in 5 min in 6 min
6 3c 5c 0.6M
10 5c 8.3c 1.0M
12 6c 10M 1.2M
Changing Charts
• Marked on chart with 2 horizontal or
vertical lines
Changing Charts
• Marked on chart with 2 horizontal or
vertical lines
090
13 CH 194
5
CH 207
Changing Charts
• Marked on chart with 2 horizontal or
vertical lines
090
CH 194
• Transfer DR position by lat & long and
range & bearing from known point
• Make full notes in nav record book
Nav Record Book
• A full and complete record so that the track can
be reconstructed in the event of a collision or
grounding
• Fill in details at the top of each page
– Date, OOW, Watch
• Record time, course, speed, fix details, course
changes - legibly!
• The Nav Record Book is a legal document - no
rubbing out!
Nav Record Book
Practical Points
• Use soft black pencil - 2B only
• Write large, clearly, uncluttered
• Use standard symbols
• For measuring distances use latitude scale
corresponding to position
• Reports - clear, complete, standard format
• Teamwork - exchange info with OOW
• Keep the bridge tidy - only 1 chart on table, stow or
turn over rolling rule
References
• BR 45(1) Manual of Navigation Vol 1
Ch 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13
• BR 1839 - An Introduction to Coastal
Navigation
• Chart 5011 - chart symbology
• Practical chartwork exercises
• Practice at sea!
Summary
• There is a lot of information to take in
• Use the references to familiarise yourself
with the theory and practice of navigation
• It is not possible to become proficient at the
art of navigation without practice
• Classroom exercises are one thing - a
pitching, heaving wheelhouse in the dark
when you are feeling ill is another
