Fluidet teknologjike

Leksioni 1

Konsiderata te pergjitheshme
Funksionet e lengjeve lares
Mud tank (Vaska e lengut lares)
Shale shakers (Sitat vibruese )
Suction line (mud pump) (Linja e thithjes se
pompes)
Mud pump (Pompa e
lengut lares)
Motor or power source (Motoret )
hose (Linja e
shtytjes)
Draw-works (Arganello)
Standpipe (Tubo
mandate)
Kelly hose (Tubo goma)
Goose-neck (Koka e
injeksionit)
Traveling block (Blloku I
levizshem I makarave)
Drill line (Litari I celikut)
• Crown block (Blloku I palevizshem I makarave)
• Derrick (Kulla e shpimit)
• Racking Board (Sometimes referred to as the Monkey Board) (Ponti I
manovrave)
• Stand (of drill pipe) (Tubat e shpimit te mbeshtetura ne kulle)
• Setback (floor) (Bazamenti I tubave te shpimit)
• Swivel (On newer rigs this may be replaced by a top drive)(Reducion)
• Kelly drive (Asta kuadrate)
• Rotary table (Rrotori)
• Drill floor (Dushemeja e sondes)
• Bell nipple (Cibuku)
• Blowout preventer (BOP) Annular type (Preventor )
• Blowout preventer (BOP) Pipe ram & blind ram (Preventor per tubat e shpimit
dhe qorr)
• Drill string (Kollone e shpimit)
• Drill bit (Dalta e shpimit)
• Casing head or Wellhead (Koka e kollonave)
• Lengu lares luan nje rol shume te rendesishem
ne teknologjine e shpimit te puseve te
thella ,aq sa ne kantier quhet 'gjaku i shpimit ',
mbasi shpesh suksesi ne shpim i nje pusi varet
nga zgjedhja dhe perdorimi i pershtatshem i
lengut lares dhe se ne koston e shpimit te nje
pusi lengu lares ze 20-25 % te kostos se
pergjithshme .
• Ne kushtet kur shpimi i puseve per kerkimin e
vendburimeve te naftes dhe te gazit po
zhvillohet duke shpuar puse gjithnje e me te
thella dhe ne kondita gjithnje e me te veshtira
e me te nderlikuara litologjike dhe barike, si
dhe ne det, roli i lengjeve lares behet gjithnje
e me i rendesishem si per zgjidhjen e
problemeve teknologjike te shpimit te
pusit ,ashtu edhe ne uljen e kostos .
• Ruajtja e qendrueshmerise se formacioneve
te mureve te pusit dhe e karakteristikave
natyrale te kolektorit nafte-gazembajtes gjate
hapjes se shtreses produktive kushtezohen
nga natyra e bashkeveprimit leng lares -
formacion. Keto dy ceshtje jane shume te
rendesishme ne teknologjine e shpimit te
puseve .
• Funksionet e lengut lares jane:
• Pastrimi i ballit te pusit nga shkembi qe shkaterron dalta.
• Ngritja e shllamit(shkembit te shkaterruar) ne siperfaqe
nepermjet hapsires unazore.
• Mbajtja ne gjendje te pezullt e grimcave te shllamit kur
nderpritet qarkullimi
• Ftohja dhe lubrifikimi i daltes dhe instrumentit te shpimit
• Formimi i kores argjilore ne muret e pusit
• Sigurimi i ekuilibrit te presioneve midis shtreses dhe
pusit
• Sigurimi i ekuilibrit fiziko kimik midis fluidit te shtreses
dhe filtratut te lengut lares
• Transmetimi i fuqise hidraulike turbines se
shpimit gjate shpimit me turbine.
• Ndihmon ne shkaterrimin e shkembit
• Nepermjet efektit te ligjit te Arkimedit
lehteson peshen instrumentit te shpimit apo
te kollones se tubave te rrethimit
• Sherben si burim informacioni per shtresat
dhe fluidet e shtreses.
• Siguron pershtatje me mjedisin per mosndotje
te mjedisit
• Siguron pastrimin dhe degazimin
• Functions of Drilling Fluids:

• 1. Remove cuttings from the well.

• 2. Control formation pressure.
• 3. Suspend and release cuttings.
• 4. Seal permeable formations.
• 5. Maintain well bore stability.
• 6. Minimize reservoir damage.
• 7.Cool, lubricate and support the bit and
drilling assembly.
• 8. Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit.
9. Ensure adequate formation evaluation.
• 10. Control corrosion.
• 11. Facilitate cementing and completion.
• 12. Minimize impact on environment.
• 13. Prevent gas hydrate formation.
• Drilling fluids function:
• Remove cuttings from the well.
• 2. Control formation pressure.
• 3. Suspend and release cuttings.
• 4. Seal permeable formations.
• 5. Maintain well bore stability.
• 6. Minimize reservoir damage.
• 7. Cool, lubricate and support the bit and
drilling assembly.
• 8. Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit.
9. Ensure adequate formation evaluation.
• 10. Control corrosion.
• 11. Facilitate cementing and completion.
• 12. Minimize impact on environment.
• 13. Prevent gas hydrate formation
• Larja e pusit realizohet nepermjet nje sistemi
qarkullimi me dy pjese :
• Pjesen siperfaqesore , qe perbehet nga
pompa ,sistemi i tuba gomave ,koka
rrotulluese ,sistemi i kanaleve ,sistemi i pajisjeve
te pastrimit , vaskat e funderrimit dhe ato te
grumbullimit .
• Pjesen nentokesore , qe perbehet nga kolona e
shpimit me te gjitha elementet perberese te saja,
instrumenti shkembshkaterrues me ose pa
kompletin karotier si dhe hapesira unazore mure
pusi-kolone shpimi .
• Drilling Fluid Circulation System
• A. Introduction
• B. Mud Pumps a. Duplex PDP & Triplex PDP
• C. Solids removal
• D. Solid Control Equipment a. Shale shakers b.
Degasser c. Mud Cleaners
• E. Treatment and Mixing Equipment
 Pastrimi i ballit te pusit nga copat e
shkembit te shkaterruar(shllami)
• Lidhet me shpejtesine mekanike te shpimit.
• Dhembet e daltes duhet te punojne ne
shkemb te ri dhe jo te rishkaterrojne copat e
parashkaterruara.
Per kete qellim debiti i lengut lares duhet te
siguroje nje debit specifik ne ballin e pusit prej
q= (0.043 liter/sek)/cm↑2
 Ngritja e shllamit ne siperfaqe nepermjet
kezingut
• Shpejtesia e levizjes se lengut lares ne kezing
duhet te jete me e madhe se shpejtesia e
dekantimit te grimcave te shllamit.
• Zakonisht kjo shpejtesi eshte rreth 0.5 m/sek.
• Laboratory tests and practical field experience
show that closely monitoring drilled solids in the
mud and minimizing their concentration can result
in large savings of both money and time. These
savings manifest in three ways:

1. Improved drilling rate

2. Increased bit life

3. Reduced wear on mud pumps.

• Solids control methods are based on the average
diameters of the particles being handled:

• Coarse Particles: Greater than 2000 microns

• Intermediate Particles: From 250 and 2000 microns

• Medium Particles: from 75 to 249 microns

• Fine Particles: from 45 to 74 microns

• Ultra-fine Particles: from 2 to 44 microns

• Collodial Particles: less than 2 microns

• Contamination of drilling fluids is a signal if the
rig either is not making hole or soon will be
stuck in the hole it is making.
• • Before the mechanical solids-removal
equipment, dilution was used to control solids
content in the drilling fluid.
•
• • The typical dilution procedure calls for
dumping a portion of the active drilling-fluid
volume to a waste pit and then diluting the
solids concentration in the remaining fluid by
adding the appropriate base fluid, such as
water or synthetic oil.
• Solids Concentration :
• • Increasing solids concentration in drilling
fluid is a problem for the operator, the drilling
contractor, and the fluids provider.
• • Increasing solids content in a drilling fluid
leads to a lower ROP and other problems such
as:
• • High viscosity and gel strength.
• • High torque and drag.
• • Stuck pipe caused by filtrate loss.
• • Poor cement jobs caused by excessive filter
cakes.
• Treatment of solids-related mud problems
may involve one or more of the following
mechanisms: settling, dilution, mechanical
separation and chemical treatment.
• Settling involves retaining mud in a nearly
quiescent state long enough to allow the
undissolved solids, which are heavier than
water, to "fall out" of the fluid.
• The relative success of this method depends
on several factors, including the size and
shape of the particles, the density of the
particles, the density of the fluid, and the
overall retention (settling) time.
• The settling time can be reduced by using a
flocculant to increase the particle size, or by
inducing centrifugal force to increase the
gravitational effect.
• Dilution, unlike the other solids control methods, does not
involve removing solid particles from the mud; rather, it is a
means of decreasing the solids concentration by adding base
fluid to the system. Dilution is most often used to correct
mud properties that have been altered by the accumulation
of drilled solids. The drawback to this method is that as
drilling progresses, concentrations of drilled solids continue
to increase, and undesirable mud properties eventually
reappear. Also, dilution is often expensive for the following
reasons:
– The consumption of the products required to maintain desired mud
properties is continually increasing.

– Lack of storage space for the increased mud volume often leads to the
discarding of hundreds of barrels of valuable drilling mud.

– Extra cleanup and transportation costs are incurred in environmentally

sensitive areas.
• Mechanical separation devices are available in
two basic types: vibrating screening devices
(shakers) and systems that use centrifugal force
to increase settling rate. Mechanical treatment
of solids buildup is often the most practical and
cost effective of the four available methods—it
does not alter essential mud properties and it
decreases the need for dilution. Generally
speaking, the greater the cost per barrel of a
given mud, the greater the savings in using
mechanical equipment to rectify mud
properties.
• The equipment used to mechanically remove
solids from the mud must be designed to fit
the requirements of a given drilling operation;
not every piece of equipment is appropriate in
every situation. Furthermore, the equipment
specifically selected to aid in mechanical
removal of solids must be rigged up and
maintained to ensure that the units operate at
peak performance
• Shale Shakers: The double-decker shale
shaker has two screens mounted on a flat-bed
construction. The screens can range down to
100 mesh with the mesh cross section varying
from square to an exaggerated rectangle.
Drilled solids down to 177 microns are
removed by 80-mesh screens, and 840-micron
size particles by 20-mesh screens.
• Desilters and Desanders
• The desilters/desanders must be equipped
with centrifugal pumps capable of providing
sufficient pressure to the hydrocyclones to
allow them to operate in the desired pressure
range. When correctly installed and operating
in the design range, desilters and desanders
are capable of removing up to 95% of solid
particles larger than 15 microns.
• Mud Cleaner: The mud cleaner is designed for intermediate
mud weight ranges of 11.0 to 14.0 ppg. It consists of an eight-
cone desilter bank mounted over a small high-speed shaker.
The mud cleaner combines the advantages of solids separation
by means of centrifugal force and solids removal by screening.

• The screen sizes vary, but the size most commonly used is 200
mesh, which can remove fines down to 75 microns in size. It is
impractical to use screen sizes much below 200 mesh because
of excessive loss of barite over the shaker screen.
• Centrifuge: In weighted mud systems it is
often desirable to reduce mud maintenance
costs by methods other than dilution. Since it
is not practical to use desilting equipment in
these systems, a centrifuge is often used.
• Mud centrifuges work on the decanting
principle. The mud flow enters a chamber
rotating at a high speed, and centrifugal force
separates the mud stream into three
components: fluid phase, low-specific-gravity
solids, and high-specific-gravity solids.
Following separation of the low-gravity solids,
the high-gravity solids are returned to the
active mud system.
• In unweighted mud systems, a high-volume
decanting centrifuge removes low-specific-gravity
drilled solids most efficiently and economically. The
centrifuge can be operated on unweighted muds at
speeds up to 2200 to 2400 rpm, creating centrifugal
forces greater than 1500 G-force. The high-volume
centrifuge can remove fine solids down to two
microns (e.g., bentonite and clays) .
• The separation efficiency of hydrocyclones
depends on four general factors:

1. Fluid properties;

2. Particle properties;

3. Flow parameters;

4. Hydrocyclone parameters.
• Benefits of low solids in drilling Mud

• Increased drilling penetration

• Increase bit or back reamer life
• Reduce mud cost
• Reduce triplex mud pump, mud
• motor & surface equipment
• maintenance cost.
• Reduced clean up & haul off or
• disposal cost
• Particle Size and Surface Area:
• • Drilled solids vary in size from < 1 μm to
15,000 μm in average particle diameter.
• • Colloidal-sized particles are < 2 μm (average
particle diameter) and will not settle out
under gravitational forces.
• • Ultra-fines range from 2 to 44 μm and are
unlikely to settle out of a drilling fluid unless it
is centrifuged.
• In bentonite particles, the exposed surfaces of fine
drilled solids contain charges that increase the
viscosity and gel strengths of the drilling fluid.
• • The viscosity and fluid loss properties of a drilling
fluid are difficult to control with high concentrations
of drilled solids that are < 20 μm.
• • Today, fluid-technology advances have solved
many of the problems that contribute to fines
buildup in drilling fluids.