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Transport in Animals

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18 views35 pages

Transport in Animals

Uploaded by

Armaan Syed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS

By Tarakwa.M.E
Circulatory system
• This is a system of blood vessels with a
pump(heart)and valves to ensure one-way
flow of blood.
Functions of circulatory system
• To transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells.
• To remove waste and carbon dioxide from the
cells.
• To provide for efficient gas exchange.
Single circulation in Fish
• Single circulation is where blood goes through the
heart once for every complete circulation.
• A heart, consisting of one blood collecting chamber
called atrium and one blood ejection chamber
called ventricle, sends blood to the gills where it is
oxygenated.
• The blood then flows to all the parts of the body
before returning to the heart.
• As blood passes through capillaries in the gills,
blood pressure is lost. This makes the fish
circulatory system inefficient.
Single circulation of a fish
Single circulation
Double circulation of mammals
• This is where blood flows through the heart
twice for every complete circulation.
• The circulation through the lungs is called
pulmonary circulation.
• The circulation around the rest of the body is
called systemic circulation.
Double circulation of a mammal
Importance of double circulation
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, are kept
separate / do not mix
• Ensures efficient supply of oxygen to body
• Ensures efficient supply of nutrients e.g.
glucose to, body
• Lower pressure in, pulmonary, artery to
prevents damage to capillaries in the lungs ;
• Allows more time for gas exchange ;
• Allows higher pressure (in body) ;
The Heart
• The heart pumps blood through the circulatory
system to all the major organs of the body.
External view of the heart
• Right atrium: collect deoxygenated blood &
pump it to right ventricle
• Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to
lungs
• Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated
blood from right ventricle to lungs
• Septum: separates left and right sides of the
heart therefore preventing oxygenated blood
from mixing with deoxygenated blood.
• Pulmonary vein: carry oxygenated blood from
lungs to left atrium
• Left atrium: collect oxygenated blood and pump it
to left ventricle
• Left ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood to the
body via the aorta
• Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from left
ventricle to rest of body
• Tricuspid and bicuspid valves: prevent backflow of
blood into the atria when ventricles contract (atria
ventricular valves)
• Semi-lunar valves : prevent backflow of blood
from the arteries into the ventricles (Pulmonary
and aortic valves)
• Coronary artery: it supplies heart muscles
called cardiac muscles with food and oxygen.
• Blood is pumped away from the heart into
arteries and returns to the heart in veins.
• The ventricles have thicker walls than the
atria, and the left ventricle has a thicker wall
than the right ventricle because it needs to
build up enough pressure to move the blood
to all the main organs.
Heart muscles contraction
• When the ventricles contract, blood pressure closes
the bicuspid and tricuspid valves and these prevent
blood returning to the atria.
• When the ventricles relax, the blood pressure in the
arteries closes the semi-lunar valves, preventing the
return of the blood to the ventricles.
• When the ventricles relax, their internal volume
increases and they draw in blood from the pulmonary
vein or vena cava through the relaxed atria.
• Atria contraction then forces the final amount of
blood into the ventricles just before ventricular
contraction.
• The left ventricle has a wall made of cardiac
muscle that is about three times thicker than
the wall of the right ventricle.
• This is because the right ventricle only needs
to create enough pressure to pump blood to
one organ, the lungs, which are next to the
heart.
• The left ventricle however, has to pump blood
to all the major organs of the body.
Monitoring the activity of the heart
The activity of the heart may be monitored by;
• ECG(electrocardiogram),-a graph showing the electrical
activity of the heart plotted against time
• Pulse rate-the number of times an artery expands and
recoils in one minutes.
• Heart sound-listening to sounds of valves closing.

Physical activity and heart rate


• A heartbeat is a contraction. Each contraction squeezes
blood to the lungs and body.
• The heart beats about 70 times a minute, more if you are
younger, and the rate becomes lower the fitter you are.
A patient undergoing an ECG and resulting
ECG trace
• (b) The electrical activity of Complete Table 3.1 using the words ‘open’ and
the heart can be recorded ‘closed’.
on an ECG. Fig. 3.1 shows
an ECG of one heartbeat
The coronary heart disease(CHD)
• If a coronary artery gets blocked e.g. by a blood
clot , then the cardiac muscles run short of
oxygen, they can not respire and can not obtain
energy to contract heart stops beating. This is
called a heart attack or cardiac arrest.
• The possible immediate cause of coronary heart
disease is the deposit of fatty substance called
atheroma which contain cholesterol .
• Another possible immediate cause is the blood clot
on the artery called thrombus.
The main risk factors are thought to be;
✔ Unbalanced diet with too much fats
✔ Stress
✔ Smoking
✔ Genetic disposition
✔ Lack of exercise
✔ Age and sex
Prevention of coronary heart disease
• Maintaining a healthy, balanced diet will result in
less chance of a person becoming obese.
• There will also be a low intake of saturated fats, so
the chances of atheroma and thrombus formation
are reduced.
• Regular exercise increases muscle tone. Good
muscle tone leads to an improved coronary blood
flow making the heart to require less effort to keep
pumping.
Blood and blood vessels
Blood vessels
There are 3 main kinds of blood vessels;
✔ Arteries
✔ Veins
✔ Capillaries
Structure and functions of arteries,
capillaries and veins
The comparison of blood vessels
structure and functions
The main blood vessels in the human body
Blood

• Blood is a liquid that contains


• Blood consist of:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Blood cell structures
Functions of blood cells
• Red blood cells transport oxygen.
• White blood cells protect against disease.
• Blood platelets help the blood to clot.
• Plasma transports:
blood cells
• soluble nutrients e.g. glucose (products of digestion) from the small
intestine to the organs
• amino acids (plasma acts as a pool for amino acids for these cannot be
stored in the body)
• plasma proteins that are important in blood clotting (e.g. fibrinogen).
• CO2 (waste gas produced by respiration in cells) from the organs to
lungs
• Other wastes of digestion (e.g. urea) from the liver to the kidneys.
• Antibodies and antitoxins
• Hormones
• Ions
• Heat from the liver and muscles to all parts of the body.
White blood cells
Blood clotting
• When tissues are damaged and blood vessels cut,
platelets clump together and block the smaller capillaries.
• The platelets and damaged cells at the wound also
produce a substance that acts, through a series of
enzymes, on the soluble plasma protein called fibrinogen.
• As a result of this action, the fibrinogen is changed into
insoluble fibrin, which forms a network of fibres across
the wound.
• Red cells become trapped in this network and so form a
blood clot.
• The clot not only stops further loss of blood, but also
prevents the entry of harmful bacteria into the wound
The sequence of events that causes a blood clot
to form
End of chapter questions

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