DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY
Dr. Ghulam ishaq khan Assistant professor BKCD Mardan
CONTENTS
INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY (IOR)
• TECHNIQUES OF IOR
• GUIDELINES FOR TAKING IOR
• INTERPRETATION OF IOR
EXTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY (EOR)
• GUIDELINES FOR PRESCRIBING EOR
• INTERPRETATION OF EOR
• COMMON ERRORS
DENTAL
RADIOGRAPHY
• CONVENTIONAL
• DIGITAL
DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY
• INTRA ORAL
• EXTRA ORAL
INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY
Periapical Bite wing Occlusal view
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
• PARALLELING TECHNIQUE
• BISECTING ANGLE TECHNIQUE
PARELALLING TECHNIQUE
FIVE BASIC RULES
• The following basic rules must be followed when the paralleling technique is used:
• Film placement:
• the film must cover the teeth to be examined.
Film position:
• the film must be positioned parallel to the long axis of the teeth. The film in the film
holder must be placed away from the teeth.
• Vertical angulation:
• the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed perpendicular to the film
and the long axis of the tooth.
• Horizontal angulation
• the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed through the contact areas
between the teeth.
• Central ray:
• the x-ray beam must be centered on the film to ensure that all areas of the film are
exposed.
• “failure to center the x-ray beam result in a partial image or cone cut
PARELALLING TECHNIQUE
R AY
L X
I C A
I A P
P E R
BISECTING ANGLE
TECHNIQUE
SLOB RULE
w i ng
B i te
OCCLUSAL VIEW
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
RADIOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION
Radiographic Anatomy Basics:
The Tooth
Radiographic Appearance of Dental Restorative
Material
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of maxillary midline area. Shown are the (1)
outline of nose, (2) incisive foramen , (3) lateral fossa,
(4) nasal fossa, (5) nasal septum, (6) border of nasal
fossa, (7) anterior nasal spine, and (8) median palatine
suture
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of maxillary midline area. This radiograph
shows the (1) incisive foramen, indicated by an irregularly
shaped, rounded radiolucent area. Also seen are the (2)
outline of the nose, (3) lateral fossa, (4) nasal fossa
(radiolucent), (5) nasal septum (radiopaque), (6) border of
nasal fossa, (7) anterior nasal spine, and (8) median
palatine suture
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of maxillary canine area. The drawing shows
the (1) lateral fossa, (2) nasal fossa, (3) inverted Y
(intersection of the borders of nasal fossa and maxillary
sinus), and (4) maxillary sinus. (5) Note the dense
radiopaque area caused by overlapping of the mesial
surface of the first premolar over the distal surface of
the canine. This overlapping is common in this region of
the oral cavity because of the curvature of the arch.
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of maxillary canine area. Shown are the
(1) lateral fossa, (2) nasal fossa, (3) inverted Y, (4)
maxillary sinus, and (5) dense radiopaque area caused
by overlapping
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of
maxillary premolar
area. Drawing
shows the (1) border
(floor) of maxillary
sinus, (2) maxillary
sinus, (3) septum in
maxillary sinus
dividing the sinus
into two
compartments,
(4) zygomatic
process of maxilla,
(5) zygoma, and
(6) lower border of
zygomatic arch.
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of maxillary
premolar area. This
radiograph shows the
(1) border (floor) of
maxillary sinus, (2)
maxillary sinus, (3)
zygomatic process of
maxilla, (4) septum in
maxillary sinus dividing
the sinus into two
compartments,
(5) zygoma, and
(6) inferior border of the
zygomatic arch
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of
maxillary molar
area. Illustrated in
the drawing are the
(1) border (floor) of
maxillary sinus, (2)
maxillary sinus, (3)
zygomatic process
of maxilla, (4)
zygoma, (5)
septum in maxillary
sinus, (6) lower
border of zygomatic
arch, (7) hamulus
(hamular process),
(8) maxillary
tuberosity, and (9)
coronoid process
(mandible)
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of maxillary
molar area. This
radiograph shows (1)
border (floor) of maxillary
sinus, (2) maxillary sinus,
(3) zygomatic process of
maxilla, (4) zygoma, (5)
lateral pterygoid plate, (6)
lower border of zygomatic
arch, (7) maxillary
tuberosity, and (8)
coronoid process of the
mandible
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of maxillary
molar area. This radiograph
shows (1) hamulus (hamular
process), which is a
downward projection of the
medial pterygoid plate, (2)
lateral pterygoid plate, (3)
coronoid process of the
mandible, (4) maxillary
tuberosity, and (5) maxillary
sinus
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Coronoid process of
the mandible may be
imaged on intraoral
radiographs of the
maxillary posterior
region. Note the
position of the film
holder when exposing
a maxillary posterior
periapical radiograph.
The coronoid process
of the mandible will
most likely be imaged
on this radiograph.
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of mandibular midline area. The
illustration shows (1) mental ridge, (2) nutrient
canal, (3) nutrient foramen, (4) genial tubercles, (5)
lingual foramen, and (6) inferior border of mandible
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of the mandibular midline area. This
radiograph shows the (1) mental ridge, (2) nutrient
canal, (3) nutrient foramen, (4) genial tubercles
surrounding the (5) lingual foramen, and (6) inferior
(lower) border of the mandible (radiopaque band of
dense cortical bone).
*Often times when the vertical angulation is
too excessive- you see the cortical bone
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of mandibular canine area. Illustrated in
the drawing are a (1) nutrient canal, and (2) torus
mandibularis (lingual torus)
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of mandibular canine area. A (1) nutrient
canal, and (2) torus mandibularis (lingual torus) are seen
in this radiograph
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of
mandibular
premolar area. This
drawing shows a (1)
torus mandibularis,
(2) ext oblique ridge,
(3) mylohyoid or
internal ridge, (4)
submandibular
fossa, (5) mandibular
canal, and (6) mental
foramen
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of
mandibular
premolar area.
Radiograph shows
the (1) submandibular
fossa, (2) a thin
radiolucent line
indicating the
periodontal ligament
space, (3) thin
radiopaque line
representing the
lamina dura, and (4)
the mental foramen
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Drawing of mandibular
molar area. Drawing
illustrates the (1) ext
oblique ridge, (2)
mylohyoid or internal
ridge, (3) submandibular
fossa, and (4)
mandibular canal
Radiographic Anatomy Basics
Radiograph of
mandibular molar
area. Shown are
the (1) oblique
ridge (buccal), (2)
mylohyoid ridge
(lingual) (3)
mandibular canal,
and (4)
submandibular
fossa
Radiographic Anatomy Basics Radiograph of
mandibular molar
area. Shown are
the
(1) Ext oblique
ridge,
(2) mylohyoid or
internal oblique
ridge,
(3) mandibular
canal and
(4) submandibular
fossa
Dental Caries
Interpreting Dental Caries
Diagram of classification of dental caries
(1) Enamel caries less than halfway through the
enamel (incipient caries) (2) Enamel caries penetrated
over halfway through the enamel (moderate caries)
(3) Caries definitely at or through the dentino-enamel
junction (DEJ), but less than halfway through the
dentin toward the pulp (advanced caries).(4) Caries
that has penetrated over halfway through the dentin
toward the pulp (severe caries)
Dental Caries
Dental Caries
RAMPANT
Interpreting Dental Caries
Drawing indicating the area to examine for interproximal caries. To best detect proximal
surface caries, view the area where two adjacent teeth contact, apical down to the area where
the gingival margin would most likely be (boxed area). Cervical burnout is most likely to
be imaged apical to the gingival margin.
Root caries?? Can be deceiving …..
Radiograph of
occlusal caries.
This radiograph
shows (1) severe
occlusal caries,
which appears as
a large radiolucent
lesion in the first
molar
Dental Caries
Radiograph of
buccal or lingual
caries. Buccal or
lingual caries on
this mandibular
second premolar
appears as a round
radiolucency
(superimposed
over the pulp
chamber)
Dental Root Caries
Radiograph of
cemental (root) caries.
The large radiolucency
on the distal surface of
the distal root of the first
mandibular molar
Dental Root Caries
Dental Recurrent Caries
Radiograph of
recurrent caries.
This radiograph
shows (1)
radiolucent caries
under the metallic
restoration
Conditions Resembling Caries
Bitewing radiograph. This
radiograph shows (1) large
occlusal caries, (2) radiolucent
lines or mach band effect (an
optical illusion caused by
overlapped enamel), (3)
interproximal caries, and
(4) cervical burnout
Radiographic Appearance of Dental Restorative
Material
Restorative Materials
Restorative Materials
Restorative Materials
Restorative Materials
Restorative Materials & Decay
This radiograph shows (1) radiolucent restorations
(composites) on the mesial surface of the lateral
incisor and distal surface of the central incisor.
Note that under both restorations is a base of
radiopaque material. (2) The radiolucencies on the
mesial surfaces of both central incisors are
carious lesions.
Retention pins. (1) Radiopaque pins help retain the
radiolucent composite restorations. (2) Small radiopaque
amalgam restorations.
Restorative Materials
On buccal or lingual?
What kind of crowns?
What is this?!?
Restorative Materials
Apical area
Bone Levels
Normal bone levels just below CEJ
Bone Levels
EXTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY
EXTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY
GUIDELINE FOR
ORDERING
LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM
CONE BEAM TOMOGRAPHY
