ACTIVITY –BASED

INSTRUCTION
Submitted By
Anna Albert
Roll no:12
 Introduction
• Activity-based instruction is one of the student-centered methods
of teaching.
• Through Activity-based instruction can provide valuable
experience to students and make learning a pleasant and lasting
experience.
• The use of active participation of students in the machine-
learning process is essential feature of activity-based instruction.
 Classification of Activity Based
Instruction
• Activity-based instruction may be classified into two categories: Student Centered
instruction and teacher- centered instruction.
• Student-centered instruction: In the student-centered activity approach the students are
given freedom to choose the problem and the strategies to solve the problem. The teacher's
job is that of a guide helping them to arrive at the solution.
• Teacher-centered instruction: In the teacher-centered activity approach, the teacher acts
not only as a guide but also as a planner and manager. He/she selects the problem,
determines the activities to be performed by the students, delimits the activities by taking
into account the constraints of time, resources, etc., and provides help and guidance to the
students in the execution of the activities. Remember, in this type of instruction also the
students' actively participate in the teaching-learning process.
 There are several types of teacher-based instructional
activities. The important ones among them are as
follows:
1. Role Play
2.Simulation
3.Incident Method
4.Case Study
5.Game Based Learning
6.Prioritisation Activities
 1.Role Play
Role-playing is one of the effective methods to learn and gain
experience. An individual is likely to remember their personal feelings
more intensely and for a longer period of time. The role game helps to
analyze how people behave in a certain situation, how to evaluate and
predict their reactions. Therefore, to gain the maximum effect from role
game, proposed situations should be as close to reality as possible.
 How to conduct a role play exercise?
• The three stages to a standard role-play exercise includes: the set-up, the play, and the follow up.
• i. Setting up: In the set up stage, the training team describes the scenario and assigns roles to the participants. If the
participant plays a particular role in reality, it would be more effective to assign a different role to that participant
during the role-play exercise. Another option is to put together a single page description of the scenario to be
worked out by the role- play participants. Alternatively, it may be useful to write one-paragraph descriptions of the
key role players. A description can include the main objectives and concerns of the person in that role, perhaps can
include some key dialogues or a statement to be read by the person playing the role.
• ii. The Play Stage: During the play stage, the participants act out their roles and the play is carried out. If the role-
play becomes too long, then the facilitators can give the participants a time warning of one or two minutes, and
then end the play after that.
• iii. The Follow Up: It is important for all the participants to discuss what happened during the role-play. They may
question individual role-players to ask why they took a particular position, made a certain statement, or undertook
an action. The explanation and the resulting discussion is important for the participants to obtain a greater
understanding of the social dynamics related to a particular "real life" situation.
 Objectives of role play
1. Helps in developing a better understanding of the job.
2.It helps in understanding how to handle a particular
situation
3. It helps in improvement of interpersonal relationship.
4 . It helps in providing an insight to understanding
behavioral patterns of others.
 Features of role play
Features of Role play as a training method for learning :
• Learning by doing: Since in this the participant plays a role as per the given circumstances he learns
practically and understands the demand or requirement of skill set to resolve or get the task done.
• Learning through imitation: while playing the new or the expected role the participant gets the feelings
about the other persona and tries his best to include and accrue all traits of the given role. Thus he gets
an opportunity to understand, analyze and reflect the other person's perception and behavior.
• Learning through observation and feedback: This method helps in dual learning. The trainee not only
learns and reinforces the concepts by self-learning but also develops an understanding about a new
role. This approach helps in building good decision making ability, management capacity and
leadership overall.
• Learning through analysis and conceptualization: The role played by the trainee helps in analyzing
the various skills involved in the role right from domain, conceptual, design or human skills and thus
helps in designing a broader understanding and clear outlook towards a task.
 2.Simulations
A simulation is the imitation of the operation of a
real- world process or system over time. Simulations
require the use of models. The models represents the
key characteristics or behaviours of the selected
system of process, where as the simulation represent
the evaluation of the model over time.
Generally there are three types of simulation
1.Live simulation It involves real people operating real
systems. Involve individuals or groups.
2. Virtual simulation It involves real people operating
simulated systems.
3. Constructive simulation Simulation involving
stimulated people operating simulated systems.
 Advantages of Simulation
i. They bridge the gap between the classroom and the real world by
providing experience with complex, evolving problems.
ii. They can reveal student misconceptions and understandings about
the content.
iii. They can provide information about students" problem- solving
strategies.
 3. Incident Method
In this method the teacher presents a slice of reality i.e. a happening from real
life. The students are asked to identify the problem and to recommend an
action that needs to be taken in order to deal with it effectively. All the students
try to reconstruct the full incident by seeking additional information by
questioning the teacher. After gathering all necessary information, they define
the problem and think of a solution(s) to solve it. The students use their
knowledge in examining different solutions before arriving at the most suitable
one. Sometimes the teacher reveals the actual solution of the problem so that
they may compare it with the decision recommended by them i.e. the students.
 Advantages of Incident Method
1. Flexible method that can be used to improve multi-user systems.
2. Data is collected from the respondent's perspective and in his or her own
words.
3. Does not force the respondents into any given framework.
4. Identifies even rare events that might be missed by other methods.
5. In expensive and provides rich information
6. Can be applied using questionnaires or interviews.
 Disadvantages of Incident Method
Incident method often relay on memory. Incidents may be
imprecise or may even go unreported.
2. The method has a built-in bias towards incidents that happened
recently, since these are easier to recall.
3. Since this method is based on incidents, it does not say anything
about the everyday situation so it is not very representative.
 4. Case Study
The case study method is a learning technique in which the student is
faced a particular problem, the case. It is a type of problem-based learning.
The case study facilitates the exploration of a real issue within a defined
context using a variety of data sources. This methodology allows students to
develop and to enhance difference skills, such as the capacity of
comprehension and analysis of real problems, the capacity of purpose and
evaluate alternatives for the improvement of the problem considered, to work
collaboratively, also their capacity of information management and synthesis
of problems. Case study method applied a number of methods to gather data
such as observation, experiments, structured interviews, questionnaires and
documentary analysis.
 Advantages of Case Study
1. Case studies allow a lot of data to be collected that would not
normally be easily obtained by other research designs.
2. Within case study, scientific experiments can be conducted.
3. Ability to see a relationship between phenomena, context and
people.
4. It is less costly and less time consuming method.
 Disadvantages of Case Study
1. Data collected cannot necessarily be generalised to wider
population.
2. Some case studies are not scientific.
3. Case studies data are collected by one person. This can lead to
bias in data collection.
4. It is also very difficult to draw a definite cause / effect from case
studies.
5. Indepth analysis may not be suitable for the audience.
 5.Games
Using games in teaching can help increase student participation,
foster social and emotional learning and motivate students to take
risks. You might have seen young children's traditional games and
sometimes improvised family games. Games have the elements of
job, competitiveness, cooperation and intense motivation. They are
played not only for entertainment but to enhance instruction. A
simulation game combines the features of a game (players, rules
and competition/cooperation) with that of a simulation (working
model of reality). When the real-life situation to be simulated is
competitive, simulation games tend to arise naturally. There is a
wide scope to use simulation games in each subject.
 Advantages of Games Based
Learning
1. Draws learners into a lesson more actively.
2. Competition can peak motivation.
3.Game based learning helps learners become more confident and
independent thinkers.
4.Incorporation of games provides an opportunity to shape content in a new
point of view.
5. Increases learner's memory capacity.
6. Develops hand-eye co-operation.
 Disadvantages of Game based
Learning
1. Games take time to learn and design properly.
2. It can involve materials that range from the in expensive to the
costly.
3. Games can be a source of distraction.
4. Games can make learner more violent.
5. Games can become addictive.
6. Games can increase depression and anxiety.
 6.Prioritisation Exercises
These are relatively simple activities where a group of
students is given a list of characteristics of or solutions to
a problem and they are asked to rank them according to
some definite criteria. After individual ranking has been
done, a group discussion follows. This type of activity
develops the capability of judgment, communication and
interpersonal skills. It also allows for freedom of thought
and Expression.
 How to improve Prioritisation
skills?
i.Self-Awareness When you are self-aware, you take responsibility for
what you know and don't know. Understanding your own strengths
and weakness, is the first step to learning how to prioritize.
ii. Know your ABCs While prioritization typically begins with a to-do
list. Not everything on that list is urgent. Set one to three goals each
day and place the letter "A" by the task most important Place the
letter "B" next to essential task and then C.
iii.Accept what you can do As you become aware of what you can
and can't do in a day, accept what you can do with the resources you
have. If you need more time to complete the work, then negotiate
with your team leader or teacher.
iv. Schedule Breaks It sound obvious to work first and take a break
second, but consider how many times a day you take brakes for your
personal work while you are in work. Put them off and focus on
your work.
v. Sufficient Time Prioritization ensures that you allocate sufficient
time to complete tasks and also make necessary changes to save time
and become more productive. It gives you more time to relax.
 Merits of Activity – Based
Instruction
It provides an opportunity to the students to obtain
knowledge and understanding by doing or working on the
learning tasks activities.
It satisfies the natural urge of the students to learn by
playing or doing.
This promotes better understanding among the students.
 It is most suited for relieving emotional blocks of the
Students by providing them an opportunity to express
their attitudes, inner feelings, beliefs through role
playing socio-drama, etc. It provides training in
interpersonal skills, such as empathizing, teaching,
managing, etc.
THANK YOU