HYDRAULIC MOTORS
• A hydraulic motors converts fluid power into mechanical power in the form of
rotational motion.
• Motors perform the opposite function of the pump, which converts mechanical
power from an electric motor or engine into fluid power.
• Motors take pump flow and pressure as their input and output rotational motion
and torque.
• Motor displacement is the volume. Pump displacement is the volume of the pump
outputs per revolution of the pump shaft, a similar concept.
• Like pump motors can be fixed or variable displacement. Increasing the
displacement of a motor decreases its speed because it requires more fluid to turn it
each revolution.
• Increasing displacement increase torque output because more area within the
motor is subjected to pressure. Decreasing motor displacement increases speed and
decreases torque.
Gear Motor
• One of the gears is keyed to an output shaft, while the other is simply
an idler gear.
• Pump flow and pressure are sent to the inlet port of the motor.
• The pressure is then applied to the gear teeth, causing the gears and
the output shaft to rotate.
• The pressure builds until enough torque is generated to rotate the
output shaft against the load.
• Most gear motors are bi-directional the direction of rotation can be
reversed by simply reversing the direction of flow.
• In this type of motors the pump flow and pressure are applied to the
vanes and the output shaft is rotated.
• Recall from the discussion on vane pumps that balanced means that
pressure is applied on both sides of the shaft resulting in no net force
on the bearings.
• This increases the maximum operating pressure and drive speed at
which the motor can operate.
• The vanes extent and retract twice per revolution of the rotor, which
necessitates the use of two inlet and two outlet chambers.
• These chambers are combined into one common inlet and one
common outlet within the motor housing. Most of the vane motors
are bidirectional.
Vane Motors
• In this type of motors the pump flow and pressure are applied to the
vanes and the output shaft is rotated..
• This increases the maximum operating pressure and drive speed at
which the motor can operate.
• The vanes extent and retract twice per revolution of the rotor, which
necessitates the use of two inlet and two outlet chambers.
• These chambers are combined into one common inlet and one
common outlet within the motor housing. Most of the vane motors
are bidirectional.
Piston Type Motors
• Swash plate or bent axis type: It consists of a port plate, cylinder
barrel, pistons, shoe plate, swash plate and a shaft.
• The arrangement is similar to a swash plate type pump.
• When fluid pressure acts on a piston, a force is developed which
pushes the piston out and causes the piston shoe to slide across the
swash plate surface.
• As the piston shoe slides, it develops a torque attached to the barrel
Bent Axis Motor
• The operating principle of an bent axis motor is similar to swash plate type.
• The angle of the cylinder block assembly with respect to drive shaft determines the stroke or
motor displacement.
• Both these motors are used in high speed application only.
Semi Rotary Actuators
• These are used to convert fluid pressure energy into torque which
turns through an angle limited by the design of the actuator.
• With the majority of designs, the angle of rotation is within 360
degrees although it is possible to considerably exceed this when using
piston operated actuators
Vane Type Actuators
• Vane type semi rotary actuator consists of one or two vanes connected to an output shaft which
rotates when hydraulic pressure is applied to one side of the vanes.
• A single vane is limited to 280 degree rotation and a double vane unit to approximately
100degree. Power in a two vane design is doubled.
• The maximum torque obtainable from the currently available single vane unit is approximately
40X103 Nm and for double vane unit is 80X103 Nm.
Single Vane Rotary Actuator
Double Vane Rotary Actuator
Piston Type Semi Rotary Actuators
• RACK AND PINION SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR:
• In this design, the cylinder drives a pinion gear and the rack is an integral part of
the piston rod.
• The angle of rotation depends upon the stroke of the cylinder, rack and the pitch
circle diameter of the pinion.
• The start and finish of the stroke is adjusted by means of an internal shop.
• The output torque available from the rack and pinion type is in an excess of
80X103 Nm at a pressure of 210 bar.
LEVER ARM SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR:
• A double acting cylinder can be made to generate rotary motion by
using a lever arm. The angle of rotation will be less than 180 degree.
Chain and Sprocket Semi Rotary Actuator
• In this design an endless chain and sprocket is used and it is suitable for multi
revolution applications.
• The chain is anchored to two pistons, one large and the other small, which when in
their respective bores, separate the halves of the unit.
• The large cylinder is the power cylinder and the small cylinder is the chain return or
seal cylinder.
• The idler is automatically a tensioned one, so a constant tension is maintained.
• Pressure is applied to one port of the actuator.
• The larger piston moves away from the port due to the differential area of the two
pistons.
• Movement of the larger piston pulls the chain, causing the sprocket and output shaft
to rotate.
Helical Screw Semi Rotary Actuator
• This type consists of a cylinder in which the piston is prevented from
rotating by guide rods.
• The piston rod and the piston contain a helical groove and they mate
together analogous to a screw and a nut.
• As the piston is driven along the barrel, it causes the rod to rotate.
• Because of the difficulty in providing a hydraulic seal between the
piston and rod, this design is limited to low pressure applications.
• The self locking helix angle of the piston and rod eliminate the
possibility of external torque causing any rotary movement of the
piston rod.
