Click to edit Master subtitle style
MEANING & Chapter 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
5/4/12
Definition
Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that links an individuals speculation with reality.
5/4/12
7 Characteristics of Research
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Empirical Logical Cyclical Analytical Critical
5/4/12
7 Characteristics
Empirical
Research is based on direct experience
or observation by the researcher. The collection of data relies on practical experience without giving consideration to scientific knowledge or theory
Logical
Research is based on valid procedures
and principles. Scientific study is done in an orderly manner so that the investigator has confidence on the 5/4/12
7 Characteristics
Systematic examination of the
procedures used in the research enables the investigator to draw valid conclusions. Thus the logic of valid research makes it important for decision making.
Cyclical
Research is a cyclical process for it
5/4/12
starts with a problem and ends with a
7 Characteristics
Analytical
Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental and case study.
Historical research- data gathered focus in the past Descriptive research the study focuses on the present situation. Experimental future
5/4/12
7 Characteristics
Critical
Research exhibits careful and precise
judgment. A higher level of confidence must be established. For instance, 99% or 95% level of confidence may be scientifically utilized to test the research hypothesis. Based on these levels of confidence, the investigator is confidently precise in his interpretations on whether the results are significant or insignificant, or whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis 5/4/12
7 Characteristics
Methodical
Research is conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.
Replicable
The research design and procedures are
5/4/12
replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. Similarities and differences of replicated researches can
7 Characteristics
Replicability of the study means using
the same instrument, method, and procedure but to different subjects and venue.
5/4/12
5 Characteristics of the Researcher
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Intellectual Curiosity Prudence Healthy Criticism Intellectual Honesty Intellectual Creativity
5/4/12
5 Characteristics
Intellectual
Curiosity
A researcher undertakes deep thinking
5/4/12
and inquiry of the things, problems and situations around him. He is keen to get information on these problems and situations often due to unusualness and newness. He raises questions to answer, continues to read the related literature and studies, makes use of his experiences, and exercises his creativeness and inventiveness.
5 Characteristics
Prudence
The researcher is careful to conduct his
research study at the right time at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically. He uses the 7 Ms (Manpower, Money, Materials, Method, Machinery, Moment of Time, and Marketing) in conducting research efficiently and economically.
5/4/12
5 Characteristics
Healthy
Criticism
The researcher is always doubtful as to
5/4/12
the truthfulness of the results. Normally, the investigator always doubts the authenticity or validity of his findings even if the data are gathered honestly. (There are subjects who dont read the items anymore but they just encircle or check the items especially if the researcher is in a hurry to retrieve the questionnaire.)
5 Characteristics
Intellectual
Honesty
An intelligent researcher is honest to
collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest results
Intellectual Creativity
A productive and resourceful
investigator always creates new researches .
5/4/12
Mans Major Needs & Problems Demand Research
5/4/12
Products of Research
5/4/12
Products
5/4/12
Products.
5/4/12
Effects of Technology on Man
5/4/12
Values of Research to Man
1. 2. 3.
Research improves quality of life Research improves instruction Research improves students achievement
4.
Research improves teachers competence
5.
Research satisfies mans needs
5/4/12
Values of
7. 8. 9.
Research has deep seated psychological aspects Research improves exportation of food products Research responds to the economic recovery and austerity measure of the country
trains graduates to become responsive to the economic 5/4/12
10.Research
Types of Research
1.
Basic Research
Also called as fundamental research or pure research It seeks to discover basic truths or principles. It is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new facts, and learn more accurately the
5/4/12
Discover new facts Revise accepted theories/law s
5/4/12
Examples of Basic Researches
Boyles
Law
If the temperature remains constant,
the volume of the confined gas is inversely proportional to the pressure
Charles
Law
The volume of a dry gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature, provided the pressure remains constant
5/4/12
Examples of
Archimedes
Principle
An object in a liquid will experience a
buoyant force just equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. of the liquid is greater than its weight or gravitational pull of the earth for the object
An object will float if the buoyant force
Hookes
5/4/12Within
Law
the limit of perfect elasticity,
5/4/12
Types of Research
2.
Applied Research
new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of a new system or procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the problem. identified and a new system or new method is applied in order to solve
This type of research involves seeking
In this type of research, the problem is
5/4/12
5/4/12
Discove r new facts Revise accepted theories/la ws
Creat e Inven t
Types
3.
Developmental Research
involving application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices practical applications from theoretical knowledge and use this existing knowledge to produce useful product it is called Development Research
This is a decision oriented research
If a researcher continues to find
5/4/12
Classification of Research
1.
Library Research
answers to specific questions or problems of the study are available.
This is done in the library where
Historical method of research lends
itself to library research because the study is focused on the past and much of the secondary sources are found in the library.
5/4/12
2.
Field Research
setting. No changes in the environment are made. experimental methods.
Research is conducted in a natural
Applicable to both descriptive and
3.
Laboratory Research
or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and
The research is conducted in artificial
5/4/12
Classification of
3.
Laboratory Research
The purposes are
To test hypotheses derived from the theory To control variance under research conditions To discover the relations between the dependent and independent variable
Laboratory research is applicable to
experimental, descriptive and case study methods.
5/4/12
THE VARIABLE
A
variable is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuations or change in value or magnitude under different conditions. Numerical values or categories represent these quantities.
5/4/12
Types of Variable
Independent
Variable
This is the stimulus variable which is
chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.
Dependent
variable
This is the response variable which is
observed and measures to determine the effect of the independent variable/s.
5/4/12
Types of
Moderator
Variable
This is a secondary or special type of
independents variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
Intervening
Variable
the independent and dependent variables, but its effect is either 5/4/12 strengthen or weaken the independent
This is the variable which interferes with
Types of
Control
Variable
This is variable that is controlled by the
investigator in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable.
5/4/12
Components of the Research Process
Problem/Objective
A research process starts with a
research problem which the researcher has identified as researchable and has implications to government thrust.
Hypotheses
Using the research problems/objectives
5/4/12
as basis, the researcher tests the hypotheses (H0 or Ha), to have a scientific conclusion of the study.
Components
Theoretical
Framework/conceptual
framework
The researcher constructs a
theoretical/conceptual framework as basis for describing properly the relationships of variables to be used in the study.
Assumptions
He then clearly states the assumptions
5/4/12
clearly to provide the foundation of the
Components
Review
of Related literature and
studies
This is to determine the similarities and
differences of the findings to past studies and to gain insights into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial
Research
Design
research design is to be
5/4/12Appropriate
Components
Research
Instrument
From the research design, he can decide
the definite research instrument for collecting data.
Data Data
Collection
Processing and Statistical Treatment and Interpretation Summary, conclusions and
Analysis 5/4/12
Schematic Diagram of the Research Process
5/4/12
