Properties of

water
Molecular Structure & Intermolecular Forces
 objectives
a. Describe the molecular structure
of water; and
b. Relate the properties of water to
intermolecular forces that
operate among its molecules.
Who
am
I
?
 ACTIVITY 1
What kind of intermolecular
Draw the molecular
forces exist between the
structure of water
water molecules
 ACTIVITY 2
KNOW ME BETTER

Instructions:
Study the picture below and
answer the following questions
.
 ACTIVITY 2
KNOW ME BETTER
1. Why does water has
high boiling point than
water?
2. What property of water/
liquid shown in the
picture?
 ACTIVITY 2
KNOW ME BETTER

1. Which object will

heated slower?
2. Which will release
slower
3. What property exhibited
4.
in water?
 ACTIVITY 2
KNOW ME BETTER

1.Why does the ice float?

2.How will you describe molecular structure
of water in solid form
?
 ACTIVITY 2
KNOW ME BETTER

1. Why after
sweating you feel
cooler?
 ACTIVITY 2
KNOW ME BETTER

1.How does colored water

change the color of the
water?
2.What properties of water
involve in this action?
 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF WATER

The formation of hydrogen bonds

among water molecules causes water to
possess unique properties. These
different properties are significant for
life on earth.
1. It has high boiling point and exists as
liquid at room temperature.
1. It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room
temperature.

Water has a high boiling

point because its molecules
are bound together by
hydrogen bonding, which is a
very strong intermolecular
force.
1. It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room
temperature.

It takes more kinetic energy, or

a higher temperature, to break
the hydrogen bonding between
water molecules, thus allowing
them to escape as steam.
1. It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room
temperature.

• Boiling of a liquid involves increasing the kinetic energy

of the molecules by increasing the temperature of the
liquid.
• As the molecules gain more kinetic energy, they are
able to escape the intermolecular forces that hold them
together as a liquid and become gaseous molecules.
1. It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room
temperature.

• The amount of kinetic energy required to break the

intermolecular forces increases with the strength of the
intermolecular force involved.
• Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy to
disrupt, thus resulting in a higher boiling point for that
substance.
1. It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room
temperature.
• Water molecules are held together by hydrogen
bonding, which is a very strong intermolecular force.
• Each water molecule is polar because the oxygen has a
partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms have
a partial positive charge.
• The partial negative charge of one water molecule
exerts a strong attractive force over the partial positive
charge of a different water molecule.
What is the relationship of temperature to the
kinetic energy?

How about the intermolecular forces in the

water?
• In order to boil water, the molecules have to be
supplied with a sufficient amount of kinetic energy to
escape the strong hydrogen bonding between
molecules.
• The temperature must be increased in order to
increase the kinetic energy of the molecules.
• The presence of the hydrogen bonds thus elevates the
boiling point of water.
2. It has high specific heat which requires large
amounts of heat before it vaporizes. This explains
why the earth has minimal temperature variations
that can affect the climate.
2. It has high specific heat which requires large amounts of heat before it
vaporizes. This explains why the earth has minimal temperature variations
that can affect the climate.

• Water has a high heat capacity because a lot of heat

energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds found
in a molecule of water. Because the majority of heat
energy is concentrated on breaking the hydrogen
bonds, the water molecule itself heats up after the
bonds are broken.
2. It has high specific heat which requires large amounts of heat before it
vaporizes. This explains why the earth has minimal temperature variations
that can affect the climate.

• Once the hydrogen bonds in a water molecule are

heated up enough to break, the additional heat energy
can then be imparted to the water molecule itself.
• This additional heat energy then vibrates the water
molecule, allowing it to bump into nearby water
molecules to distribute the heat energy imparted by a
heat source.
2. It has high specific heat which requires large amounts of heat before it
vaporizes. This explains why the earth has minimal temperature variations
that can affect the climate.

• However, the process of heat energy distribution is

slow, as the vibrating water molecule must impart
sufficient heat energy to break the hydrogen bonds in
the surrounding water molecules.
• Once the heat source is removed from the water it
cools down, but very slowly.
How does the bond between the water molecules
can be renewed?
• Just as significant energy is required to break the
hydrogen bonds in a water molecule, significant
energy is likewise required to re-form them.

• Only when the water molecule achieves a low enough

temperature to allow the hydrogen bonds to re-form
does the water molecule release the heat energy.

• This process of warming and cooling explains why

water slowly heats up and cools down.
3. It is the only substance that contracts when
cooled because of its more open structure in the
solid form. The density of ice is less than liquid
water, hence, it floats on water.
• When a liquid is cooled, more and more molecules are
brought closer together and need to be accommodated in a
smaller area. This gives most solids more density than their
liquid form.

• However, in the case of water, the negatively-charged oxygen

atoms repel each other (when brought together in a smaller
space) to prevent the ice from becoming any denser. This is
the reason that density actually decreases as temperature
continues to fall below 4 degrees Celsius.
Why does the ice float?
• Ice floats on water because it less dense than water. When
water freezes into its solid form, its molecules are able to
form more stable hydrogen bonds locking them into positions.
Because the molecules are not moving, they’re not bale to
form as many hydrogen bonds with other molecules.

• Ice floats on water because the density of ice is less than the
density of water. Density is a measure of how much mass is
contained in a given volume.
So why does water expand
when it freezes?
4. It has high heat of vaporization. This causes a
large drop in temperature during evaporation.
4. It has high heat of vaporization. This causes a large drop in
temperature during evaporation.

• Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules cling to each

other (cohesion) and remain in liquid state under
temperatures that are favorable to plants and other
living organisms. Liquid water has a boiling temperature
of 100°C and freezes at 0°C at 1 atmospheric pressure.
4. It has high heat of vaporization. This causes a large drop in
temperature during evaporation.

• When it boils, the hydrogen bonds are broken and the

molecules separate from each other. But without these
hydrogen bonds, water will boil at temperature of -
80°C and freeze at -100°C (Mader 1993).
4. It has high heat of vaporization. This causes a large drop in
temperature during evaporation.

• The hydrogen-bonding property of water is therefore

vital to life, particularly to plants which generally
survive within a temperature range from 0 to 50°C.
Otherwise, plants will be deprived of liquid water
because the water inside will change to gas even at low
temperatures.
4. It has high heat of vaporization. This causes a large drop in
temperature during evaporation.

• But a very high quantity of heat energy is needed for

evaporation. This amount of heat is called heat of
vaporization. When molecules of water absorb heat energy,
they move fast in water. Eventually, the speed of movement of
some molecules becomes so fast allowing them to overcome
the intermolecular attraction, detach from the multimolecular
water, form bubbles, and leave the water surface in gas state.
How does the body of the living organisms like
human and plants cool down?
• This property of water helps to cool down the body of living
organisms. This is called evaporative cooling.

• In humans, body heat is used to vaporize sweat; in plants,

heat is likewise used in converting liquid water to water vapor
which then escapes into the atmosphere. This natural process
of vaporizing plant water is called transpiration (it is the
evaporation of water from plants)
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows
water to move from the roots to the top of
a very tall tree.
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.

• Water molecules want to cling to each other. At the

surface, however, there are fewer water molecules to
cling to since there is air above (thus, no
watermolecules). This results in a stronger bond
between those molecules that actually do come in
contact with one another, and a layer of strongly
bonded water.
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.

• This surface layer (held together by surface tension)

creates a considerable barrier between the
atmosphere and the water. In fact, other than mercury,
water has the greatest surface tension of any liquid.
(Source: Lakes of Missouri)
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.

• Within a body of a liquid, a molecule will not

experience a net force because the forces by the
neighboring molecules all cancel out (diagram).
However, for a molecule on the surface of the liquid,
there will be a net inward force since there will be no
attractive force acting from above.
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.

• This inward net force causes the molecules on the

surface to contract and to resist being stretched or
broken. Thus the surface is under tension, which is
probably where the name "surface tension" came
from.
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.

• Due to the surface tension, small objects will "float" on

the surface of a fluid, as long as the object cannot
break through and separate the top layer of water
molecules. When an object is on the surface of the
fluid, the surface under tension will behave like an
elastic membrane.
5. It has a high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.

• Due to the surface tension, small objects will "float" on

the surface of a fluid, as long as the object cannot
break through and separate the top layer of water
molecules. When an object is on the surface of the
fluid, the surface under tension will behave like an
elastic membrane.
 Capillary action

Capillary action occurs when the forces binding a liquid

together (cohesion and surface tension) and the forces
attracting that bound liquid to another surface which is
adhesion are greater than the force of gravity.
 ACTIVITY 3
Can you now recognize me?

Instructions:
Identify the property of water shown in the
pictures below. Write the letter of your
answer in your quiz notebook .
1 . 3 .

2 . 4 .
5 .

7 .

6 .
The following are the unique properties of water as a consequence
of the hydrogen bond:

• It has high boiling point and exists as liquid at room temperature.

• It has high specific heat which requires large amounts of heat

before it vaporizes. This explains why the earth has minimal
temperature variations that can affect the climate.
The following are the unique properties of water as a consequence
of the hydrogen bond:

• It is the only substance that contracts when cooled because of its

more open structure in the solid form. The density of ice is less than
liquid water; hence, it floats on water.

• It has high heat vaporization. This causes a large drop in

temperature during evaporation.

• It has high surface tension. This allows water to move from the
roots to the top of a very tall tree.
 ASSIGNMENT
Research and read about crystalline and amorphous
solid.
Thank you