UNIT
Movement in Humans
1
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The human skeletal system
Joint
Muscle
Abnormalities in the movement
system
A. Bones
Bones form a unity called a
skeleton.
Functions The skeleton of the human body
is located inside and encased in
Types of muscles (endoskeleton).
Bones
The skeleton of the human body
is composed of 206
Osification interconnected bones through
joints.
Skeletal
system
The main functions of the skeleton
are support and passive motion
devices (locomotion).
The function of
skeleton
To support the body.
To protects vital internal organs
Place the clinging of skeletal muscles.
Arranged to form structure.
Passive motion tool.
As a place of blood cells formation.
Store calcium and phosphate.
Types of Bones
Based on the Tissue Based on the Shape and Based on the Matrix
Structure Size Structure
Cartilages Long Bones Spongy Bones
Compact Bones
Short Bones Compact Bones
(Osteon)
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Cartilages
Fibrous
Hialin The matrix consists
It has a matrix that of dense collagen
fibers that appear
does not contain
stiff and compact.
fibers.
For example on the
For example, in the
nasal cup.
Elastin connection between
vertebrae.
It has a matrix
composed of elastin
fibers.
For example on the
auricle and larynx.
Compact Bones (Osteon)
Derived from mesenkim tissue (embryonal
connective tissue).
It consists of living cells called osteocytes. Pay attention to the
process of bone formation
in the following video
Classification of Bones
based on the shape and size
Long Bone
It's like a tube.
It is found in upper arm bones
(humerus, radius, and ulna)
and the legs (femur, tibia, and
fibula)
Short Bone
The shape like a cube.
It is found on the ankles
and wrist bones
(metacarpals, phalanges
and clavicle)
Flat Bones
It has flat shape.
Protect internal organs such as
the brain, heart, and pelvic
organs.
Flat bones can provide
protection, like a shield and can
also provide large areas of
attachment for muscles.
the skull (occipital, parietal,
frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and
vomer),
the thoracic cage (sternum and
ribs)
the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and
pubis)
Irregular Bones
Irregular bones vary in shape and
structure and therefore do not fit into any
other category (flat, short, long, or
sesamoid).
They often have a fairly complex shape,
which helps protect internal organs.
For example, the vertebrae, irregular
bones of the vertebral column, protect
the spinal cord.
The irregular bones of the pelvis protect
organs in the pelvic cavity
Classification of Bones
based on the composition of matrix
Spongy Bones
It has many cavities filled with red marrow.
It is found in epiphyse of long bones, short
bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
Compact Bones
Has a circular lytic matrix (Havers system).
Each matrix contains blood vessels and nerve
cells.
It does not have many cavities so the compact
bone structure is very strong.
Ossification
The process of bone formation.
It begins when the human being is still in the womb.
It can be said that cartilage changes into compact bones.
Divided into intra membrane ossification and intra cartilage
ossification.
Intra Membranasea
Osification
The process of bone formation from the fibrous
membrane in the head that will cover the embryonic
brain.
Occurs in the skull bones of the head and the first simple
ossification.
(3) (4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
Intra cartilage ossification
The process of bone formation derived from
embryonic hyaline cartilage (cartilage).
Skeletal System
Vertebrates skeleton
(humans and animals) are
divided into two parts,
axial and appendicular
skeleton.
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular
Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
The arrangement of several bones that
form the main axis of the body (the
frame of the body axis).
Spine
Skull
Sternum and ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Also called an additional frame. Consists of upper and lower
limbs
B. Joint
Relationship between bone
and bone or between bone
and cartilage (Connector).
Without joints, bones cannot
be rotated or bent to move.
Classification of joint based on it’s function
Sinarthrosis is a joint that cannot be moved at all.
It is distinguished into synfibrosis sinarthrosis and
syncondrosis sinarthrosis.
Synfibrosis rays: joints found between the skull bones of the
head.
Syncondrosis
sinarthrosis is a
joint connected by
cartilage.
Example: ribs and The suture on the skull
sternum. bone is connected by
connective tissue fibers
(fibrous).
Amphiarthrosis is a joint with very limited
movement.
Diarthrosis
is a freely
moveable
joint.
Ball and Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint Plane Joint Condyloid Joint
C. Muscle
Definition
Mechanism of
Muscle
Contraction
Motion in
muscles
Muscles
The main part that plays a
role in moving the body
by shortening (contract)
and elongating (relax).
The Function
Support visible movements.
Supports non-observable movements
such as peristaltic motion, heart rate
motion, expanding and deflating the
lungs.
Maintain posture.
Produce body heat to maintain body
temperature.
Myophilia is composed of actin, myosin,
troponin, and tropomyosin muscle
proteins.
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Position of actin and myosin during
relaxation and contraction.
Motion in Muscles
Synergistic motion is a
harmonized motion that
involves two or more kinds
of muscles for a body
movement.
Example: movement of the
neck muscles and back
muscles.
Antagonistic motion is the
opposite motion between
two or more kinds of
muscles that control motion
in a part of the body.
Example: biceps and triceps
muscles.
Mechanism of bicep and tricep muscles.
If bicep muscles contract, the radius, and ulna will be
perpendicular to the humerus.
When tricep muscles contract, the lower bones
(radius and ulna) will be straight and bicep
muscles relax.
D. Abnormalities and
Disorders in the
Movement System
Skeleton and Joint
Muscles
Abnormalities of Bones and Joints
Osteomalacia
An abnormality that occurs in
adult bones caused by vitamin
D deficiency.
Osteoporosis
The bones become brittle and
porous caused by calcium
deficiency.
Generally, it happens in the
elderly and pregnant women.
Rickets
Rickets is a disease with
abnormal bone growth in
children.
People with rickets usually
have letters X and O structure
in their tibia and fibula bones.
Rickets is a bone disorder in
children due to vitamin D
deficiency.
Fractures and Fissures
A fracture is a break in a bone due to a strong impact or blow.
Fissures are fractures in the bone due to a strong impact.
Abnormalities because
Bone Position
of Illness
Kyphosis is a disorder of the Ankylosis is a joint disorder that
spine that curves back or can be caused by swelling of the
becomes stooped. synovial sac (the connective
Lordosis is a disorder of the tissue that covers the joints).
vertebrae that bend forward. Necrosis is a condition of bone
Scoliosis is a condition where cells inactive.
the vertebrae are bent sideways. Osteomyelitis is an infection of
bone tissue caused by the
presence of Staphylococcus
bacteria.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an
inflammation of the joint
membrane.
Muscles Abnormalities
Hypertrophy
Muscular Dystrophy
Atrophy
Hernia
Thank You
“Science without religion is blind. Religion without
knowledge is lame.”
- Albert Einstein-
