MICROPROCESSORS AND

MICROCONTROLLERS (BECE204L)
DR. NAUSHAD MANZOOR LASKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SG-1
SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (SENSE)
VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VELLORE
MOTIVATION OF THE COURSE

Introduction to the concept of Microprocessors & Microcontrollers

Familiarization with the architectures of various conventional and state of

the art Microprocessors & Microcontrollers such as Intel, ARM etc.

Familiarization with assembly language programming, concept and

implementation of interfacing with peripherals & I/O devices

Development of various applications using microprocessors such as ARM

COURSE CONTENTS & LECTURE PLANNING
1

4
TENTATIVE ASSESMENT PLAN
Digital Assignment – 1 (10 MARKS)
Quiz-1 & Quiz-2 (20 MARKS)

NOTE: PROVISION TO OPT FOR A MINI RESEARCH PAPER STUDY PROJECT IN LIEU OF DA-1.

IN ADDITION TO CAT-1,CAT-2 AND FAT. SLOW LEARNERS TASK (MAX.-5 MARKS)

FOR LAB, 5 TASKS OF 12 MARKS EACH & LAB FAT

NOTE: PROVISION TO OPT FOR A MINI PROJECT IN LIEU OF TASK 4 & TASK 5 (24 MARKS)
Some Pre-requisites
 Binary and Hexadecimal number system

 Hexadecimal Number System: Following are the characteristics of a hexadecimal number system. Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

 Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15. Also called base 16 number system.

 a “Bit" is the smallest unit of storage and stores just a 0 or 1

 1 Byte is group of 8 bits. 8 bits can make 256 different patterns

 Flip-Flop can store 1 bit of information

 A group of Flip-Flop is called Registers and can store n bits of information

MODULE 1: OVERVIEW OF MICROPROCESSORS
Introduction to Microprocessors
 A Microprocessor is a programmable, multipurpose, clock -driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary
instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those
instructions and provides results as output.

 Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor

 A Microprocessor has many components like transistors, registers, and diodes which come together to perform. The ability
of the chip has become more complex with technology evolution. The functionality has become better and the speed has
become faster.

 Most devices need to have a microprocessor to function. It is the element that brings intelligence to a device. Be it a
computer or mobile phone, all devices need an interface to handle data that only a microprocessor provides.
Generalized Block Diagram  controls the computer
and performs all
ALU performs arithmetic and Communication through calculations.
logical operations on the data I/O Port/Bus
received from an input device  ability to perform
or memory various operations
quickly

Register array consists of

registers identified by
letters like B, C, D, E, H,
L, and accumulator.

Control unit controls the

instructions and flow of
data within the computer
stores programs and data
required by the processor
Working of a Microprocessor

There are three steps that a microprocessor follows –

 Fetch – The instructions are in storage from where the processor fetches them.

 Decode – It then decodes the instruction to assign the task further. During this, the arithmetic and logic unit also performs
to register the data temporarily.

 Execute – The assigned tasks undergo execution and reach the output port in binary form.

Between these processes, the register stores the temporary data and ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
performs the computing functions.
Memory
 RAM − Random Access Memory is volatile memory that gets erased when power is switched off. All data
and instructions are stored in RAM.
 ROM − Read Only Memory is non-volatile memory whose data remains intact even after power is switched
off. Microprocessor can read from it any time it wants but cannot write to it.

It is a processor in which memory and I/O output component is connected externally.

Basic Microprocessor Terms
 Instructions Per Cycle – A way to measure CPU’s instruction speed in a single clock.
 Instruction Set – These are the commands that a processor understands to work between hardware and
software.
 Bus – Set of conductors for data transmission, information control, and tasks addressed in a
microprocessor. They are of three types – data bus, address bus, and control bus.
 Word Length – Refers to the number of bits processed at a time.
 Clock Speed / Clock Rate – The ability of microprocessors to perform tasks in a second.
 Bandwidth – Refers to the total bits in a single instruction.
 Data Types – Data type microprocessor supports like binary, ASCII, etc.
 SIMD – Single Instruction Multiple Data
 PGA – Pin Grid Array
 FPU – Floating Point Unit
 ALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 MMX – MultiMedia eXtensions
 MMU – Memory Management Unit
 Bit: Binary Digit
Evolution of Microprocesors
Transistor was invented in 1948 (23 December 1947 in Bell lab). IC was invented in 1958 (Fair Child Semiconductors)
By Texas Instruments J Kilby. The first microprocessor was invented by INTEL(INTegrated ELectronics)
Name & Bit Size Description Limitations/Improvements
Year
4004 4 1st Microprocessor having 2300 Transistors. With evolution in Very few instructions per second.
(1971) semiconductor Technology more transistors were then used in Used for simple arithmetic and
process logical operations

8008 8 1st 8 bit Microprocessor. It was useful for arithmetic and logic
(1972) operations on 8-bit words
All 8 bit microprocessors have
8080 8 World’s first general purpose microprocessor. It was an 8-bit machine, limited memory, addressing
(1974) with an 8-bit data path to memory. It was used in the first personal capacity, slow speed of
computer. Incomplete CPU. Clock speed of 2 MHz and 60k instruction execution, addressing modes etc.
per second. Clock speed of 500kHz and 50k instructions per second.

8085 8 Functionally complete CPU. Most Popular. On-chip clock generator

(1976) present. Optimum set of registers and powerful performance gave
good performance. 769230 instruction per second with 3 MHz speed.

8086 16 1st 16 bit microprocessor which overcomes most of the limitations of

(1978) previous generation. It had a wider data path of 16-bits and larger
registers along with an instruction cache or queue ,rich instruction set
and more important had segmented memory scheme. It also had
multiply and divide instructions
Evolution of Microprocesors (contd…)
Name & Bit Size Description Limitations/Improvements
Year
8088 16 Cheaper version of 8086 and 8-bit external bus. Used in IBM PC. Both 8086/88 didn’t have
(1980) memory management and
protection capability.
80286 16 Addressable memory of 16 MB instead of just 1 MB and contains two
(1982) modes-real mode and first generation 16-bit protected mode Limitation on maximum segment
size
.
80386 32 Intel’s first 32-bit machine. Due to its 32-bit architecture it was able to
(1985) compete against the complexity and power of microcomputers and
mainframes introduced just a few years earlier. It was the first
processor to support multitasking and contained the 32-bit protected
mode.

80387 32 Variant of 80386. It supported high speed environment. Integrated

(1986) Math Co-processor

80486 32 Introduced the concept of cache technology and instruction

(1989) pipelining which increased processor speed and optimized instruction
set.
8085 Microprocessor: A brief study Accumulator
It is an 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic, logical, I/O &
While executing a main program and whenever an interrupt occurs, the microprocessor LOAD/STORE operations. It is connected to internal data bus &
shifts the control from the main program to process the incoming request. ALU.
General purpose register
There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C,
D, E, H & L. Each register can hold 8 bit data.
controls the serial data communication These registers can work in pair to hold 16 bit data and their
pairing combination is like B C, D E & H L.
Temporary register
It is an 8 bit register, which holds the temporary data of
arithmetic and logical operations.
W and Z are two 8 bit temporary registers of 8085
microprocessor, which is not accessible to the user. (non
programmable)
Program counter
It is a 16 bit register used to store the memory address location
of the next instruction to be executed.
Provides necessary signals for operation Flag register
It is an 8 bit register having five 1 bit flip flops , which holds
either 0 or 1 depending upon the result stored in the
accumulator.
Stack pointer
It is also a 16 bit register works like stack, which is always
Data bus carries the data to be stored. It is bidirectional, incremented/decremented by 2 during push & pop operations. It
whereas address bus carries the location to where it should be holds the address of the top location of the stack.
stored and it is unidirectional. It is used to transfer the data & Instruction register and decoder
Address I/O It is an 8 bit register.
When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored in
the Instruction register. It decodes the information present in the
Instruction register.
THANK YOU