“ FORMULATION OF MODIFIED DENSE GRADED BITUMINOUS MACADAM

WITH LOW DENSITY AND HIGH-DENSITY POLYTHENE WASTE WITH

ZYCOTHERM ADMIXTURE ”

For partial fulfillment towards the award of the degree of

Master of Technology

In

Transportation Engineering
 CONTENT
Introduction
Objectives the study
Literature review
Methodology & sample collection
Experimental Investigation
Results & discussion
Conclusion & future scope
References
Publication Details
 INTRODUCTION
Road construction is associated with high investments. An exact design
configuration can save a lot of speculation to get reliable road performance
without taking advantage of it. Two elements are important in the structure of the
adaptable road, the road structure and the contour. This study will be identified
based on the considerations of the mixing plan. A correct treatment of the
bituminous mixture is necessary to obtain a satisfactory mixture;
•Environment friendly
•Durable
•Resistive to fatigue
•Economical.
•permanent deformation
 Non-Biodegradable Waste
The accessibility of plastic waste is huge
today. The use of recycled waste, d. H.
Plastics, such as packaging for
transporters, containers, etc., are growing.
About half of 60% of the plastic aggregate
is used for pressing. Once used, plastics
are discarded and left as waste. Plastic Figure: 1 Non-biodegradable waste
contaminants are solid and not
biodegradable. Inadequate polythene
transmission can cause malignant ulcers,
conceptual problems in humans and
creatures, genital differences from the
norm, and much more.
Pavement type
Roads generally use two types of lanes, preferably with the asphalt road used for
road design. In general, lanes are divided into two groups: I. H. Flexible and
rigid roads.
Flexible Pavement
Adaptive flooring is generally of low quality bending and quite adaptable in
their auxiliary operation under load. These types of paving layers reflect the
disfigurement of the lower layers on the surface of the level.
Rigid Pavement
At the point where the best layer of cement asphalt is found, it is called rigid
asphalt because the structure of the aggregate asphalt cannot deform or deform
due to stress. The asphalt diagram and the mix configuration are two important
considerations when an asphalt planning event is required.
 Objective of the study
•To study the effects of mixing LPDE, HPDE and Zykotherm in Hot mix
asphalt.
•To determine which sample is more stable and performing well in comparing all
cases.
•To determine the enhancement in properties of hot mix asphalt using L.D.P.E.
and H.D.P.E.
•To determine the optimum percentage of H.D.P.E and L.P.D.E. in a mix.
•Zycotherm acting as temperature stabilizer proven by the experiment of its
boiling point.
•Reduction in UV radiation proven with prism table code 656:981.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Reinke and Glidden et al. (2002) attempted to neutralize HMA mixtures using
DSR (Frem Friction) slip and recovery tests and found that the result shows
improved durability when the polymer propagates.
Fernandez et al. (2008) examined the geometric evaluation of black closures
modified with a polymer with a styrene-butadiene-styrene thermoplastic
elastomer (SBS) and analyzed modified folio properties developing shale oil and
fragrant oil to improve perfectly. The rheological properties of PMB-SBS were
examined in a dynamic remoter (DSR) and morphology was determined by
fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that candy and shale oils
influenced the microstructure, the quality of the accumulation and the adaptive
viscosity of the PMB. In this way, shale oil could be used as compatibilizer
without loss of ownership or even replace the sweet oil.
Fernandez et al. (2008) examined the geometric evaluation of black closures
modified with a polymer with a styrene-butadiene-styrene thermoplastic
elastomer (SBS) and analyzed modified folio properties developing shale oil and
fragrant oil to improve perfectly. The rheological properties of PMB-SBS were
examined in a dynamic remoter (DSR) and morphology was determined by
fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that candy and shale oils
influenced the microstructure, the quality of the accumulation and the adaptive
viscosity of the PMB. In this way, shale oil could be used as compatibilizer
without loss of ownership or even replace the sweet oil.
 Methodology & Sample Collection
Constituents of a mix

A mixture of asphalt consists of a mixture of total values, whose most extreme

dimension is usually less than 25 mm, controlled with a thin charge of less than

0.075 mm. A sufficient amount of bitumen is added to the mixture such that the

compacted mixture is substantially impermeable and has satisfactory dissipative

and polyvalent properties. The configuration of the bituminous mix is designed

to determine the amount of bitumen, filler, total fine and coarse quantities to

provide a useful, strong, strong and effective mixture.

The basic materials used are as follows:

Aggregates, Zycotherm (Admixture),

LDPE (polythene), Bituminous Binder and

HDPE (polythene)
Aggregate
There are different types of minerals used to prepare mixtures of bitumen
obtainable from a variety of natural sources, for example: ice or mines, and can
be used with or without additional preparation.
Coarse Aggregate
The totals held on 4.75 mm strainer are called as coarse aggregates. Coarse
aggregates ought to be screened squashed shake, precise fit as a fiddle, free from
tidy particles, mud, vegetations and natural issues which offer compressive and
shear quality and shows great interlocking properties.
Fine aggregates
Fine aggregates ought to be perfect screened quarry cleans and ought to be free
from dirt, topsoil, vegetation or natural issue. Fine totals, comprising of stone
crusher cleans were gathered from a neighborhood crusher with portions passing
4.75 mm and held on 0.075 mm IS strainer.
Filler
Total going through 0.075 mm IS sifter is called as filler. It fills the voids,
solidifies the cover. In this examination, stone and fly fiery remains are utilized
as filler whose particular gravity has been observed to be 2.7 and 2.3.
Zykotherm
Zycotherm is WMA included substance made by Zayden Industries, Gujarat,
India. This is a scent free, engineered warm mix included substance that has
been intended to give basically improved favorable circumstances over current
WMA developments by offering lower creation and compaction temperatures.

Fig: 3.2 Admixture

LDPE
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) includes house hold polythene and soda
bottles that were gathered from neighborhood dump destinations. Gathered
waste materials were washed with cleanser and water and separated into little
bits of size 2 to 3 mm by Jaw crusher.
Bituminous binder
Bitumen is a blend of Organic Liquids that are extraordinarily Viscous, Black,
Sticky, Entirely Soluble in Carbon Disulfide, and made on an exceptionally
essential level out of exceedingly thick Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Most bitumen contains sulfur and a couple of overpowering metals, for instance,
Nickel, Vanadium, Lead, Chromium, Mercury and besides Arsenic, Selenium,
and other Toxic Elements. Bitumen can give extraordinary protection of plants
and animal fossils.
HDPE
HDPE is known for its sweeping quality to thickness extent. The thickness of
HDPE can keep running from 0.93 to 0.97 g/cm3 or 970 kg/m3. Despite the fact
that the thickness of HDPE is simply subtly higher than that of low-thickness
polyethylene, HDPE has little extending, giving it more grounded intermolecular
forces and flexibility than LDPE. The qualification in quality outperforms the
refinement in thickness, giving HDPE a higher specific quality.

Fig: 3.2 HDPE (Mixture)

 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Experiments which were conducted are mentioned as follows:
For Aggregates
Impact Value Test, Flakiness Index Test, Elongation Index Test, Water
Absorption Test
For Bitumen
Specific Gravity Test, Penetration Test, Softening Point Test, Flash Point and
Fire Point Test, Ductility Test
For stability
Marshall Stability Value Test
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST
Durability is the property of a material to oppose affect. Because of movement
stacks, the street stones are subjected to the beating activity or affect and there is
probability of stones breaking into littler pieces. The street stones should thusly
be adequately serious to restrict split under impact. The system for test covers
the approach for choosing the aggregate impact estimation of coarse sums.
FLAKINESS INDEX TEST
The flakiness Index of totals is rate by weight of particles whose slightest
measurement (thickness) is under 0.6 of their mean measurement if w=
(W1+W2+W3+….) is the overall weight
Of the summation weight of materials passing through these thickness gauges W
= Total weight of material (W1+W2+W3+…)
Flakiness Index =( W1x W2x W3/ W1+ W2+ W3)x 100
ELONGATION INDEX TEST
The Elongation Index of an aggregate is the rate by weight of particles whose
most noticeable estimation (length) is more than (1.8 times) their mean
estimations
W = (W1+W2+W3+ … ..) is the aggregate weight of material held on various
length check W = add up to weight of material = (W1+W2+W3+… ..)
Stretching Index = ((W1+W2+W3… .))/ ((W1+W2+W3… .)) X100%
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WATER ABSORPTION TEST
The particular gravity of a total is thought to be a measure of quality or nature of
the material. Stones having low particular gravity are by and large weaker than
those with higher particular gravity esteems.
Water assimilation gives a thought of strength of shake. Stones having more
water retention are more penetrable in nature and are all things considered saw
as inadmissible except if they are seen to be sufficient in light of value, impact
and hardness tests.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR BITUMEN
It is the proportion of mass of a given volume of bitumen to the mass of an
equivalent volume of water, both taken at a recorded/indicated temperature.
PENETRATION TEST FOR BITUMEN
The entrance of a bituminous material is the division in tenths of 1mm that a
standard needle would infiltrate vertically, into an example of the material under
standard conditions of temperature, load and time.
Bitumen ought to be as of late satisfactory to fill the holder to a significance of
no under 15mm in excess of the typical invasion.
SOFTENING POINT TEST OF BITUMEN
It is the temperature at which the substance achieves a specific level of softening
under indicated state of the test
•The example ought to be only adequate to fill the ring. The overabundance test
ought to be cut off by a blade.
•Heat the material in the vicinity of 75 and 100oC. Blend it to evacuate air
pockets and water, and channel it through IS Sieve 30, if vital.
•Heat the rings and apply glycerin. Fill the material in it and cool it for 30
minutes.
•Remove abundance material with the assistance of a warmed, sharp blade.
FLASH POINT & FIRE POINT TEST FOR BITUMEN
Streak Point - The glimmer purpose of a material is the most insignificant
temperature at which the usage of test fire makes the vapors from the material
instantly burst into flares as a blast under showed conditions of the test.
Fire point - The fire point is negligible temperature at which the use of test fire
makes the material touch off and eat up in any occasion for 5 seconds under
demonstrated conditions of the test.
The delineation should begin late agreeable to finish the glass off to the stamp
given on it.
DUCTILITY TEST FOR BITUMEN
The malleability is communicated as the partition in centimeter to which a
standard briquette of bitumen can be reached out before the string breaks.

MARSHALL STABILITY TEST FOR BITUMEN

This test is done to pick the Marshall nature of the bituminous blend according
to ASTM D 1559. The standard of this test is that Marshall Stability is the
invulnerability to plastic stream of a bituminous blend stacked on the parallel
surface. It is the heap passing on most extreme of the blend at 60oc and is
measure in kg. The mechanical social occasion foreseen that would pick
Marshall Stability of bituminous blend is
•Marshall Stability Apparatus
•Balance and Water Bath
 Fig 6. mould setting Fig 7. bitumen prepration

Fig 8. prepared sample

 RESULT AND
Stability Test
DISCUSSION
Marshall Stability Test

Fig 10 Marshall stability test

 LDPE 2%
HMA MIX WITH 5 % HDPE 1686

HMA MIX WITH 4 % HDPE. 1700

HMA MIX WITH 3 % HDPE 1640

HMA MIX WITH 2 % HDPE 1560

1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750

Figure 5.3 Marshall Stability Test With 2% LDPE

HMA MIX WITH 5 % HDPE

1690

HMA MIX WITH 4 % HDPE.

1752

HMA MIX WITH 3 % HDPE

1685

HMA MIX WITH 2 % HDPE

1590

1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800

Figure 5.3 Marshall Stability Test With 4% LDPE

Penetration Test Result

Figure 5.6 Penetration Test With 2% LDPE

Figure 5.6 Penetration Test With 4% LDPE

Softening point Test Result

Figure 5.6 Softening Point Test With 2% LDPE

Figure 5.6 Softening PoitntTest With 4% LDPE

 Conclusion & Future Scope
From the above tests conducted the following conclusions were drawn out:-
•Marshall Test conducted on bituminous mix with combination 4% HPDe plastic
and 1.5% Zycothermhave higher value of stability 1700 kg correspondingly the
values of flow is 4.1, percentage air voids is3.0 %, VMA is 9.48% & VFB is
68.30% at 2% LPDE whereas at 4% LPDE stability value is 1752 kg.
•It is observed that by addition of polyethylene HDPE to the mixture, the
resistance to moisture susceptibility of mix also increases. BC with polyethylene
results in highest tensile strength ratio in HMA mix.
•From the study it is concluded that zycotherm increases the binding property of
the mix in a natural way.
•The ductility of the sample increases with increase in HDPE polythene as it
provides good tensile strength to the sample.
•As per the cost cutting in construction this method is very valuable and as it is
very helpful in cost cutting of bitumen in a mix.
Future Scope
This study has been limited to the design procedures for HMA. So, other
suitable procedures should be developed for different mixes.
The performance study of hot mix is primarily based on analysis of Marshall
Stability and air void content in the compacted hot mix. The mix performance
characteristics in terms of many other engineering properties need to be
considered.
 REFERENCES
Reinke and Glidden year (2002) Effects of High density polythene on the permanent
deformation of asphalt concrete. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Science. 12:
456-460.
Mohammad T et. al. year (2007)” Viscous properties and microstructure of recycled
over modified bitumen. Fuel. 83(1): 31-38.
Awwad and Shbeebyear (2007) “Influence of the processing conditions on the
rheological behavior of polymer-modified bitumen. Fuel. 82(11): 1339-1348.
Fernandes et al. year (2008)” Relation between polymer architecture and nonlinear
visco elastic behavior of modified asphalts. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface
Science. 11: 230-245.
Sabina et al. year (2009) “Warm Mix Asphalt Paving Technologies: a Road Builder’s
Perspective” Paper presentation of annual conference Transportation Association of
Canada”.
Yousefiyear (2009)” Bitumen modification with reactive and non-reactive (virgin
and recycled) polymers: A comparative analysis. Journal of Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry. 15(4): 458-464.
Bindu and Beenayear (2010) “ Performance of Low-Carbon Environmental Warm
Mix Asphalt”, American Society of Civil Engineers”.
Albasheeret. al. year (2011) “Evaluation of Aspha-Min zeolite for use in warm mix
asphalt.” National Center for Asphalt Technology Report 05-04. Auburn University,
Auburn, Alabama.
Gawande year (2012) “Specifications for Roads and Bridge Works”- 2004, Fifth
revision, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi.
Khan and Gundaliyayear (2012) “Laboratory Evaluation of Warm Asphalt
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PUBLICATION DETAILS