DR.
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Branch - All Branches
Embedded System
(KOE-062)
Lecture – 8
Serial Bus Communication Protocols
By
Tukur Gupta
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad
INTRODUCTION
Types of Data Transfer
DIFFERENCES
Serial Communication Parallel Communication
• Data transmitted serially,one bit at a • Data Is transmitted parallely, all bits at a
time. time.
• Low Speed • High Speed
• It has single transmission line. • It has multiple transmission lines
• Serial communication do not have any • Parallel communication may have
crosstalk problem. crosstalk problem
• Less expensive • More expensive
• The bandwidth is higher • The bandwidth is lower
• It is not affected with noise problems. • It may suffer with noise problems
• Serial communication even works at • Parallel communication may not work
high frequencies. properly at high frequencies
• It covers long distance when compared
to parallel communication. • It Is used for short distances
• Example: Serial communication • Example: Parallel communication
between a computer and modem between a motherboard and harddisk
SERIAL TRANSMISSION
• Bits of a byte are serially transmitted one after other.
• The shift register is used for serial transmission.
• The byte to be transmitted is first stored in a shift register. Then
these bits are shifted from MSB to LSB bit by bit in
synchronization with the clock. Bits are shifted right by one position
per clock cycle.
• As an advantage only one wire is used in serial transmission
between the transmitter and the receiver.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
• Advantages of serial Transmission
– Only one wire is required
– Reduction in cost due to less number of conductor wires
– It is the most used method for long distance data
transfers.
• Disadvantages of Serial Transmission
– Since there is only one line of transmission therefore the
speed of transmission is quite slow.
– If we have to increase the speed of data transfer then it
is necessary to increase the clock frequency. But there is
a limit of clock frequency.
TYPES OF SERIAL
TRANSMISSION
Serial transmission has two categories:
1. Asynchronous data transmission
Examples: UART Serial, Telephone,
MODEM, RS232C communication between UART
Devices
2. Synchronous data transmission
Examples: SPI, I2C
ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL TRANSMISSION
• Timing of the signal is not an issue. The information
can be sent & received as per mutual agreement of the
sender & receiver.
• Asynchronous transmission is at byte level only
because transmission of bits is always synchronized.
• Asynchronous transmission is eased by two bits,
namely start bit as ‘0’ & stop bit as ‘1’. We send ‘0’
bit to start the communication & ‘1’ bit to stop the
transmission.
• There can be a time delay between communication of
two bytes. Only one byte is sent at a time. After a gap
of time next byte is transmitted.
• The transmitter and receiver may function at different
ASYNCHRONOUS
SERIAL TRANSMISSION
WHY IT IS CALLED
ASYNCHRONOUS?
• This mechanism is called as Asynchronous because
at the byte level the sender and receiver do not have
to be synchronized.
• However within each byte, the receiver should still
be synchronized with the incoming bit stream.
• This means that some synchronization is required
only for the duration of single byte.
ADVANTAGES
• It is a flexible data transmission method.
• Synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is
not necessary.
• It is possible to transmit signals from the sources having
different bit rates.
• The transmission can commence as soon as the data byte
to be transmitted becomes available.
• This mode of transmission is easy to implement.
• It is an effective scheme.
• It is a cheap scheme in terms of money.
DISADVANTAGES
• Additional bits called start and stop bits are required
to be used.
• The timing error may take place because it is difficult
to determine synchronicity.
• It has slower transmission rate.
SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL
TRANSMISSION
• Synchronous transmission is carried out under the
control of a common master clock- bits which are being
transmitted are synchronized to the same reference
clock.
• The stream of bits is combined into bigger frames
which may comprise of more than one byte.
• Each byte is transmitted without gap between the next
byte.
SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL
TRANSMISSION
• No start and stop bits are used, instead the bytes are
transmitted as a block (frames or packets) spaced by fixed
time intervals in a continuous stream of bits.
• The receivers operates at the same clock frequency as that
of transmitter.
• It is the duty of the receiver to separate the bits sent in
group.
• There is an inter block idle time which also is filled with
idle characters.
SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL
TRANSMISSION
ADVANTAGES
• The main advantage is speed. The speed of
transmission is much higher than that
asynchronous transmission.
• This is due to the absence of gaps between the
data units and absence of start stop bits.
• Timing errors are reduced due to synchronization.
DISADVANTAGES
• The timing is very important. The accuracy of the
received data is dependent entirely on the ability of the
receiver to count the received bits accurately.
• The transmitter and receiver have to operate at the
same clock frequency. This requires proper
synchronization which makes the system complicated.
SERIAL
COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS
A Protocol is a set of rules agreed by both the
sender and receiver on
• How the data is packed
• How many bits constitute a character
• When the data begins and ends
SERIAL BUS COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS
• In embedded systems, the communication means the
exchange of data between two microcontrollers in the form
of bits.
• This exchange of data bits in microcontroller is done by
some set of defined rules known as communication
protocols.
• Now if the data is sent in series i.e. one after the other then
the communication protocol is known as Serial
Communication Protocol.
• More specifically, the data bits are transmitted one at a time
in sequential manner over the data bus or communication
channel in Serial Communication.
RELATED TERMS
Baud Rate: Baud rate is rate at which the data is transferred
between the transmitter and receiver in the form of bits per
second (bps). The most commonly used baud rate is 9600. But
there are other selection of baud rate such as 1200, 2400, 4800,
57600, 115200. The more the baud rate will be faster the data
will be transferred at a time. Also for the data communication
the baud rate has to be same for both transmitter and receiver.
Framing: Framing is referred to the number of data bits to be
sent from transmitter to receiver. The number of data bits differs
in case of application. Most of the application uses 8 bits as the
standard data bits but it can be selected as 5, 6 or 7 bits also.
Synchronization: Synchronization Bits are important to
select a chunk of data. It tells the start and end of the data
bits. The transmitter will set start and stop bits to the data
frame and the receiver will identify it accordingly and do
the further processing.
Error Control: The error control plays an important role
while serial communication as there are many factors which
affects and adds the noise in the serial communication. To
get rid of this error the parity bits are used where parity will
check for even and odd parity. So if the data frame contains
the even number of 1’s then it is known as even parity and
the parity bit in the register is set to 1. Similarly if the data
frame contains odd number of 1’s then it is known as odd
parity and clears the odd parity bit in the register.
THANK YOU
