CHAPTER-34
MAGNETISM
MAGNETS
Magnets can be classified into Natural and Artificial magnets.
Natural:
A material which occurs naturally and possesses magnetic properties is called a natural
magnet.
They are weak magnets.
Example: lodestone or magnetite.
Artificial magnets:
They are made of materials like iron, cobalt and nickel which can be easily magnetized.
They are strong magnets. They can be made in different shapes and sizes.
Examples: Bar magnet, horseshoe magnet, magnetic needle, magnetic compass.
MAGNETIC MATERIAL
• Magnetic Materials
A magnetic material is a material that experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field
Although all magnetic materials are metallic, not all metals are magnetic
Common magnetic materials include:
o Iron
o Steel (an alloy of iron)
o Nickel
o Cobalt
Note: Copper and Aluminium are non-magnetic
MAGNETIC MATERIAL
PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC FIELD
• Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material due to
arrangement of its atoms, particularly its electrons.
• Michael Faraday, realized that a magnet has a magnetic field distributed
throughout the surrounding space. This field exerts a force on any charge/
magnetic material on it.
• Magnetic forces are due to interaction between the magnetic fields.
• The region where the magnetic force act is called a magnetic field
MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE
They are closed and continuous curves.
They travel from north to south pole
outward and from south to north pole
They never intersect one another.
They are denser near the poles of the
magnet where the magnetic field is strong
and are far separated near the middle of the
magnet.
Parallel and equidistant field lines represent
a uniform magnetic field
When two magnets are held close together,
there will be a force between the magnets.
MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJgzVaTPEow
MAGNETIC DOMAINS
MAGNETIC DOMAINS
Group of atoms join so that the magnetic filed are all going in the same
direction.
MAGNETIC DOMAINS
MAGNETIC DOMAINS
MAGNETIC DOMAINS
THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
The end of the magnet which points towards the north is called the north
seeking pole or simply the north pole (N) and the end which points towards
the south, is called the south seeking pole or simply the south pole (S)
THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
• The magnetic field pattern of the earth is similar to the pattern that
would be set by a bar magnet placed at its centre.
THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
The S-pole of the Earth’s magnetic field is in the northern hemisphere and attracts the N-pole of
the compass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcuDZThGZ-k
Induced Magnetism
When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the material can temporarily
become magnetised:
o One end of the material will become a north pole
This process is known
o The other end will become a south pole
as magnetic induction and
results in a force being
exerted on the material
When the material is
removed from the
magnetic field, it will start
When a magnet is held close to a magnetic material, the material to lose its magnetism
temporarily becomes magnetised
(depending on whether it is
magnetically hard or soft)
Methods of magnetization- Stroking with a magnet.
A magnetic material can be magnetised by stroking it with one end of another magnet
Methods of magnetization- Using a direct current (d.c.) in a coil.
Placing a magnetic material in a coil and then passing a direct current through the coil will also magnetise it
Methods of Demagnetisation
Magnets can be demagnetised by using one of the following methods:
o Hit the material with a hammer If the material is placed in a magnetic field
and then hit with a hammer, the material can also become demagnetised
o Heat the material (until it begins to glow) and then slowly let it cool
o Place the material in a coil containing alternating current (a.c.) and then
slowly withdraw the material (with the a.c. power source still attached to the
coil)
Electromagnets
When a d.c. current is passed through a long coil wrapped around a metal core, a very
strong magnetic field is produced around the coil. This is called an electromagnet.
The magnetic field around a solenoid (a long coil)
is identical to the magnetic field of a bar magnet
Electromagnets
Placing a soft magnetic material (such as iron) inside the coil will make the
field much stronger:
The coil becomes an electromagnet
An electromagnet consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft
iron core.
Electromagnets have an advantage over ordering magnets as they can be turned on and off
and the magnetic field strength can be changed
The strength of an electromagnet’s magnetic field may be increased by:
o Increasing the current in the coil
o
Permanent magnets( Bar magnet) Vs
Temporary magnets (Electromagnets)
Permanent magnet (Bar Magnet) Temporary magnet (Electromagnet)
Made of steel Made of soft iron
It produces a permanent magnetic field means It produces a temporary magnetic field. It only
magnetic properties are retained permanently maintains its magnetism while in the magnetic field
produced by the permanent magnet or an electric
current
Does not need electric current to act as a magnet Requires need electric current to act as a magnet
It is comparatively a weak magnet It is a strong magnet
North and south pole are fixed The position of the north and south pole can be
changed
used in fridge magnets, compasses, placed in oil used to make burglar alarm, electric bell.
sump tank of a car engine so that it collects any bits
of steel that are worn off the engine.
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