1

Al-A’laq 96: 1-5

1. Read! In the name of your Lord
Who has created (all that exist).
2. He has created man from a clot.
3. Read! And your Lord is the Most
Generous.
4. Who has taught (the writing) by the
pen
5. He has taught man that which he
knew not. 2
 BY
Dr.Ijaz Ahmad Tatlah
Associate Professor of Education
Division of Education
University of Education
College road Township Lahore
Area of specialization –Leadership
Director OAR
[email protected]
03334319981

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 WHAT IS EDUCATION
There are many definitions of education as there has been
Educational Thinkers. Most popular among those are the
following:

• Education is the process of the transmission of cultural

heritage to the next generations.

• Education is the process of social adjustment of the individual.

• Education is the process of self-realization of the individual.

• Education is the process of bringing into action the potential

good in man.

• According to Islamic Point of view: Education is the process of

preparing individuals as vicegerent to Allah (SWT) in society on
the earth.

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 Education

A process of providing
information to build up
personality in general and
bring a positive change in the
behavior of the person (s).

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 Ilm & Ta’leem
Wa’lamoo unn Allah a a’ala -------

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 PHILOSOPHY
• IS COMPOSITE OF TWO GREEK
WORDS

• PHILO SOPHIA (LOVE OF WISDOM)

• PHELIAN SOPHIA
• PHILIA SOPHIA

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DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY

• Philosophy is rigorous, disciplined and

guarded analysis of some of the most
difficult problems which man has ever
faced. It required the best thought of which
man is capable.

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 Some Questions of Philosophy
• What is the place of a man in the unfathomable vastness of the
universe?
• Is this universe meaningful? Has I been oriented according to some pet
purpose ?
• Does this universe have any living universal vital force.?
• Does this universe exist since the eternity (AZL) or has someone else
created it?
• Mind is the product of mass or mass is the product of mind?
• Man : FREE Or BOUND ?
• What is soul ? What is the relation/association between body and soul ?
• what is conscience ?
• Is there some origin of good and evil (Khair-o-shar)?
• What is happiness? It is internal or external?
• What is reality?
• What is ultimate reality?
• What is the motive of human in all deed? Is if For the sake of whimsical
satisfaction or for attainment of some higher objective.

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 MODES/ STYLES OF
PHILOSOPHY 1-3

1. Speculative Style of Philosophy:

It is a way of thinking systematically about
every thing that exists. It is a search for
order and wholeness in thought and
experience. In speculative philosophy we
are not concerned only with particular
details but also with the order or pattern
that gives these details their significance.
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 MODES/ STYLES OF
PHILOSOPHY 2-3
2. Prescriptive Style of philosophy:
It seeks to establish standards for assessing
values, judging conduct, and appraising art. It
examines what we mean by good and bad, right
and wrong beautiful or ugly. It asks whether
these qualities inhere in things themselves or
whether they are projection of our minds. In this
style of philosophy we seek to discover and to
recommend principles for deciding what actions
and qualities are most worthwhile and why they
should be so.
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 MODES/ STYLES OF
PHILOSOPHY 3-3
3. Analytic Style of Philosophy:
It focuses on words and meaning. The
analytic philosopher examines such
notions as "cause" "mind" "academic
freedom" and "'equality of opportunity" in
order to assess the different meanings
they carry in different context.

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 Why we study philosophy
1. To study the fundamental questions with framework of
the following:
• Epistemology
• Ontology
• Axiology
2. To have a comprehensive view of life.
3. To analyze the fundamental problems and satisfy
curiosity about our life or some aspects of life through
thought process.
4. To study values, beliefs and experiences of life
5. To find sequence and continuity of the problems
6 To suggest solutions of the concerned problems through
logical reasoning.

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 .

Session 4

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 System of Reasoning
• – reflection
Idea
• – dialogue
Language
–
– fundamental
Purify
– Enrich
– Coordination
• Three principles
– Comprehensiveness
– Penetration
– Flexibility
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 Philosophy and Quran
• Ufa la yatadabbaroon ul quran

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 .

Session 5

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 Philosophy Religion Science
Philosophy is the most rigorous, disciplined and
guarded analysis of some of the most difficult
problem which man has ever faced. It required
the best thought of which man is capable.

Religion means the belief in spiritual beings (E. B.

Taylor).
Religion is to be in line with God according to your
ability (Plato).

Science is classification of facts and their

recognition of their significance in the order of
nature.
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 SCOPE:
Philosophy Religion Science

Reasoning, Metaphysical, Matter,

Pondering, and Spiritualism, Experiment,
Speculation (Revelation) and
Wahee Observation.

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 Difference between 'Religion' and
'Din'
•Complete
Matters relating
code of to
lifeworshipping
1. Sovereignty
2. Obedience
3. Code of life
4. accountability

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 COMMON IN P, R & S

• Offer services to have answers of the most

difficult problems which man has ever
faced.
• Search for reality
• Importance to knowledge/ education

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 COMMON IN P& R

• Reasoning
• Wisdom
• Morality
• Importance of knowledge
• Differentiate in good and bad

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 DIFFERENCES:
Philosophy Religion
• Wahee as main
Reasoning as mainsource
source
• Unlimited reasoning
• Good and
Limited reasoning
bad (according to man)
• Disintegrated
Good and bad(according
in life matters
to Wahee)
• Ethics (according
Integrated in life matters
to man)
• Main sources
Ethics (according
of knowledge
to Wahee)(experiment & observation)
• Main sources of knowledge Wahee

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 Differences
Science Philosophy
• Ideological
Non-ideological ??? Reasoning
• Experiment/Observation
Concept of totality
• Partial study of things
Non-Sensual
• Sensualquestions and inventions
Raises
• Hypothesis and inventions
Un-Measurable
• Measurable
Fikree (Thinking)
• Practical
Subjective
• Objective
Metaphysical
• Physical

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 Distinctions of Religion (Din)
• Certainty (faith), not mere reasoning, on the base of
signs.
• Belief, inspiration
• All around metaphysical concepts
• Revealed (knowledge) books
• Search of reality with the help of metaphysical concepts
which are eternal
• Reasoning and senses in line with Belief and Eman
• Supreme power as a creator of the universe ----
• Foundations of the religion are unchanging
• Complete concept of life (answer available for all
questions).
• Eternal concept of life
• Wahee
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BRANCHES OF
PHILOSOPHY
Epistemology

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 Epistemology
• The branch of philosophy that deals with
knowledge or theories of the nature of
knowledge is called, epistemology". The
philosopher as epistemologies is curious about
the nature of knowledge activities that are
involved in knowing and the difference between
knowing and believing. The philosopher puts
questions like:
• What are the kinds and instruments of
knowledge?
• What is the nature of knowledge?
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 Instruments of Knowledge
• Revelation: Revealed knowledge may be
described as knowledge that has
disclosed to distinguished men. He
inspired certain men to write down truths
that He revealed to them so that these
truths might be known there after by all
mankind. In Islamic philosophy, the Divine
truth is revealed in the Qur'an. The Hadith
of the prophet (SAWS) is also considered
as a basic source of revealed knowledge. 28
 .
• Intuition: Intuitive knowledge is gained
through immediate insight and awareness.
Intuitive knowledge is knowledge that a
person finds within himself in a moment of
insight. All of a sudden we see the solution
to a problem. Intuitive knowledge is
proposed and accepted on the strength of
the imaginative vision or private
experience of he person proposing it.

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 .
• Authoritarianism: The knowledge gained through
indisputable authority is called authoritative
knowledge.
• Empiricism: Knowledge that is confirmed by the
evidence of the senses. Sense perception is the
chief source.
• Rationalism: Knowledge obtained by the
exercise of reason alone and not by the
observations of actual state of affairs. Reason is
the chief source of knowledge. Rationalists
believes in logic. The logical reasoning
according to rationalists can be found in two
processes.
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• i) Deductive Process:. Reasoning from a
general principle to particular included
within the scope of that principle.
• The logical system of deduction
(syllogism) formulated by Aristotle has 3
preposition:
• Major Premises
• Mirror Premises
• Conclusion

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 .
• Inductive Process: Reasoning from
particulars to general conclusions.
Major or contribution to this pe of
reasoning who make by Francis Bacon.

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 PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

• ORIGION

• DEFINITION:

Philosophy of education is the

application of philosophic method to
the analysis and understanding of the
human experience for education.
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FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY:
1 In general philosophy we want to have a
comprehensive view of life, but in
educational philosophy we want to have a
comprehensive view of education.
2 There are basic problems and questions in
education and we find their answers and
solutions through philosophy of education.
3 With the help of educational philosophy we
have symbolic expression to understand
education.
4 Through philosophy we get inspiration for
doing something great and provide new
functions in education.
5 Philosophy coordinates process of
education. 34
 .

BRANCHES

OF

PHILOSOPHY
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 Ontology
• It means science of "being" or "Is". The brands of philosophy deals
with questions relating to existence or reality or metaphysical
questions. Its main concern is the nature of ultimate reality. It
discusses principles on the basis of which we can justify the
existence of whatever exists or whatever is supposed to exist or
what is real on unreal. However, one important principle of reality is
permanency. Under "ontology" three concepts viz. Concept of God,
concept of Universe and concept of man are discussed. There are
different ideas about reality in different Philosophies. For example:
• God is real
• Spirit is real
• Body is real
• Mind is real
• Nature is real
• Force or Energy is real
• Law of Causality (causation) is real
• Reality is only in this world
• Hereafter is the ultimate reality, etc.

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 AXIOLOGY
• The branch of philosophy dealing with values.
The general study of values is known as
"Axiology". Principles on the basis of which we
can say what our values are? Axiology concerns
itself with the following main questions:
• Whether values are subjective or objective i.e.
personal or impersonal.
• Weather values are changing or constant.
• Whether there are hierarchies of values.
• Whether there is a root value or ultimate value.
Values
• Values are things, acts and relations which are
desired and also desirable. 37
 Some Kinds of Values

• Aesthetic: Study of the nature of beauty. Values

related to feelings.
• Ethical: Values related to moral conduct i.e.
study or right and wrong in conduct.
• Socio-Economic-Political: Values related to
society.
• Religious: Values related to worship/prayer.
• Educational: Values related to education.
• Utilitarian: Values concerned with the material
benefits.

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 GENERAL PHILOSOPHIES

• IDEALISM
• NATURALISM/ REALISM
• PRAGMATISM
• EXISTENTIALISM

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 NATURALISM (old)/ REALISM
(comparatively new)
• One of the oldest school of philosophy
• Based on physical
• Rise of experimental Science 1700
– Mere state of nature: the doctrine of those who deny interference
of any supernatural power in the nature.
– Nature itself is real
– Man has been considered the most significant child of nature
– Emphasis on the observation of natural phenomenon.
– No reality beyond the world.
– Ultimate reality is in matter, energy, force, laws
– Source of ultimate reality is time and place
– Universe is a unit
• Spencer: We are aware of the ‘Nature’ and understand it
only.
• Hume: All that related to metaphysical is burnable.

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 Realism:

• Matter is ultimate reality.

• Reality is objective and is composed of matter
and form; it is fixed based on natural law.
• Reality is based on human senses and
observation
• Stress on observation
• Universe is not integrated in a unit like
Naturalism.
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