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5 Mass Extinction ScienceG1

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28 views21 pages

5 Mass Extinction ScienceG1

Uploaded by

Jan Michael Nieto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE 5 MASS EXTINCTIONS

+4 EXAMPLES OF
EXTINTIONS HERE IN
THE PHILIPPINES
WHAT IS A MASS EXTINCTION?
HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM EXTINCTION?
• Extinctions occur periodically at what we would call the ‘background rate. We can
therefore identify periods of history when extinctions were happening much faster
than the expected rate – this would tell us that there was an additional environmental
or ecological pressure creating more extinctions than we would expect.
• Mass extinctions are defined as periods with much higher extinction rates than
normal. They are defined by both magnitude and rate. Magnitude is the percentage
of species that are lost. Rate is how quickly this happens. These metrics are inevitably
linked, but we need both to qualify as a mass extinction.
• In a mass extinction at least 75% of species go extinct within a relatively short period
of time. Typically less than two million years, which may seem like a long time, but
considering it’s a disappearance of every number in entire species, two million years
is quite short.
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1. End Ordovician (444 million years ago)
Small marine organisms died out.

2. Late Devonian (360 million years ago)


Many tropical marine species went extinct.
3. End Permian (250 million years ago)
The largest mass extinction event in Earth's history.
4. End Triassic (200 million years ago)
The extinction of other vertebrate species on land.
5. End Cretaceous (65 million years ago)
Most famous mass extinction, the extinction of dinosaurs.
1.Ordovician-silurian
Extinction
Ordovician-silurian Extinction
The first mass extinction on Earth. 440 million years ago, a climatic shift
caused sea temperatures to change, and the majority of life in the ocean
died.
Intense glacial and interglacial periods created large swings in sea levels
and moved shorelines dramatically. Tectonic uplift of the Appalachian
mountains created lots of weathering, sequestration of CO2 and with it,
changes in climate and ocean chemistry.
At the end of the Ordovician period, a rapid onset of mass glaciation
covered the southern supercontinent. Glaciation on this scale locked
away high percentages of the world's water and dramatically lowered
global sea levels, which stripped away vital habitats from many species,
destroying food chains and decreasing reproductive success, according to
a study published in the journal Oceanology.
It is not known exactly what triggered such events.
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2. Devonian Extinction
2. Devonian Extinction
Often referred to as the "age of fish," the Devonian period
saw the rise and fall of many prehistoric marine species
around 365 million years ago. Although by this time animals
had begun to evolve on land, the majority of life swam
through the oceans. That was until vascular plants, such as
trees and flowers, likely caused the second mass extinction.
The rapid growth and diversification of land plants generated
rapid and severe global cooling.
3
Permian-triassic Extinction

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Permian-triassic Extinction (250M years ago)
This mass extinction is often referred to as the "Great Dying," is the
largest to ever hit Earth. It wiped out some 90% of all the planet's
species including the reptiles, insects and amphibians that roamed on
land. What caused this catastrophic event was a period of rampant
volcanism. At the end of the Permian period, what we now call as
Siberia erupted in explosive volcanoes. This released a large amount
CO2 into the atmosphere, causing a greenhouse effect that heated up
the planet. As a resul global warming happenedt, weather patterns
shifted, sea levels rose and acid rain beat down on the land. Levels
from volcanoes caused ocean acidification, acid rain, and other
changes in ocean and land chemistry.
4
Triassic-jurassic Extinction
Triassic-jurassic Extinction (210M years ago)
This period erupted in new and diverse life, and dinosaurs began to
populate the world. Unfortunately, numerous volcanoes also erupted
at that time. Although it remains unclear exactly why this fourth
mass extinction occurred, scientists think that massive volcanic
activity occurred in an area of the world now covered by the Atlantic
Ocean. Similar to the Permian extinction, volcanoes released
enormous amounts of carbon dioxide, driving climate change and
devastating life on Earth.. As a result, many marine and land species
became extinct; these included large prehistoric crocodiles and some
flying pterosaurs. But, the extinction of other vertebrate species on
land allowed the dinosaurs to flourish.
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Cretaceous-tertiary
Extinction

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Cretaceous-tertiary Extinction (65M years ago)
The most famous of all the mass extinction events is the Cretaceous-
Paleogene extinction — better known as the day the dinosaurs died. The
event is sometimes also known as the K-T extinction. What followed the
impact were months of blackened skies caused by debris and dust being
hurled into the atmosphere. This prevented plants from absorbing
sunlight, and they died out en masse and broke down the dinosaurs' food
chains. It also caused global temperatures to plummet, plunging the
world into an extended cold winter. Scientists estimate that most
extinctions on Earth at the time would have occurred in just months after
the impact. However, many species that could fly, burrow or dive to the
depths of the oceans survived.
Examples of extinction in the Philippines

Stegadon Philippine Rhinoceros Cebu Warty Pig


Stegodon
At first glance, they look like
woolly mammoths without the
wool. Or modern elephants
without the gigantic tusks.
However, science tells us that they
are neither because stegodons
went extinct thousands of years
ago. The last of them are believed
to have died out near the end of
the Pleistocene era.
Philippine Rhinoceros
All we have to prove that they
once lived within our shores is a
single fossil that was of a portion
of the animal's right upper jaw
with two intact molars and a
broken one. Very little is known
about the Philippine Rhinoceros
because a full skeleton of it is yet
to be found..
Cebu Warty Pig
This particular pig has the
distinction of having been declared
extinct in modern times. It was
assessed as extinct in 2000 which
is less than two decades ago due
to human activities. The Cebu
warty pig is a subspecies of the
Visayan warty pig which in itself is
also critically endangered.
Examples of extinction in the Philippines

Dodo Bird Dwarf Buffalo


Dodo Bird
The dodo (Raphus cucullatus)
is an extinct flightless bird that
was endemic to the island of
Mauritius, which is east of
Madagascar in the Indian
Ocean.
Dwarf Buffalo
A set of fossils found in Cebu implies
that an even smaller species of water
buffaloes used to roam in the
archipelago.
This extinct species now referred to as
either dwarf buffalo or pygmy water
buffalo lived between 10,000 and
100,000 years ago. They are quite small
in nature. A mature one stands only 2.5
feet and weighs only 350 pounds. That's
a pittance if you compare it to the
average size and weight of water
buffaloes today.
That is all! Thank
you for listening!

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