Origin of the Universe
John Cedmerk Salcedo
Table Of Contents
episode 1 THeories
episode 2 Celestial bodies
episode 3 Astrophenomenon
Theories
Flat earth
It is a historical myth that medieval Europeans generally thought the Earth was flat. This
myth was created in the 17th century by Protestants to argue against Catholic teachings.
Despite the scientific fact and obvious effects of Earth's sphericity, pseudoscientific flat-
Earth conspiracy theories are espoused by modern flat Earth societies and, increasingly,
by unaffiliated individuals using social media.
Flat Earth
Theories
Geocentric
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified
specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with
Earth at the center. Under most geocentric models, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all
orbit Earth. The geocentric model was the predominant description of the cosmos in
many European ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle in Classical Greece and
Ptolemy in Roman Egypt, as well as during the Islamic Golden Age.
Geocentric model
Theories
Heliocentric
Heliocentrism is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the
Sun at the center of the universe. Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed
the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as
the third century BC by Aristarchus of Samos who had been influenced by a concept presented by
Philolaus of Croton (c. 470 – 385 BC). In the 5th century BC the Greek Philosophers Philolaus and
Hicetas had the thought on different occasions that the Earth was spherical and revolving around a
"mystical" central fire, and that this fire regulated the universe In medieval Europe, however,
Aristarchus' heliocentrism attracted little attention—possibly because of the loss of scientific works of
the Hellenistic period
heliocentric model
Theories
galacticocentricity
William Herschel's heliocentric model of the universe, which was regarded as the
standard model of cosmology in the 19th century, was overthrown by astronomer
Harlow Shapley's work on globular clusters in 1918. Shapley's research marked the
transition from heliocentrism to galactocentrism, placing the Galactic Center of the
Milky Way Galaxy far away from the Sun, towards Sagittarius. Heber Doust Curtis and
Edwin Hubble further refuted the heliocentric view of the universe by showing that
spirals are themselves far-flung galactic systems. By 1925, the galactocentric model was
established.
galactocentric
Theories
The big bang
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an
initial state of high density and temperature. It was first proposed in 1927 by Roman
Catholic priest and physicist Georges Lemaître.
Theories
Inflationary Big Bang
In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a
theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe. The inflationary epoch is
believed to have lasted from 10−36 seconds to between 10−33 and 10−32 seconds after
the Big Bang. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at
a slower rate. The acceleration of this expansion due to dark energy began after the
universe was already over 7.7 billion years old (5.4 billion years ago).
The big bang
Galaxies
Definition types structure
• A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally • Spiral Galaxies: Characterized by a • Central Bulge: Contains a
bound system that consists of stars, central bulge and spiral arms. high concentration of stars
stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, Examples include the Milky Way. and often harbors a
and dark matter. • Elliptical Galaxies: Feature an supermassive black hole.
elliptical or spherical shape without • Disk: Surrounds the bulge,
prominent spiral arms. containing stars, gas, and
• Irregular Galaxies: Lack a distinct dust. Spiral arms are
regular shape, often exhibiting prominent in spiral galaxies.
chaotic structures. • Halo: Envelops the entire
galaxy, composed of older
stars and globular clusters.
Galaxy types
1 2
Elliptical galaxy
3
Irregular galaxy
Spiral galaxy
Constellation
definition Star names Historical significance
• Constellations are patterns of stars that • Many stars within constellations • Constellations have deep.
form recognizable shapes or figures in have proper names derived from historical roots, dating back
the night sky. They serve as a way to Arabic, Greek, or Latin. thousands of years.
divide the celestial sphere for • The International Astronomical • Ancient cultures, such as the
observational and navigational Union (IAU) officially assigns Babylonians, Greeks,
purposes. names to celestial objects. Egyptians, and Chinese,
created their own
constellations, often based
on mythological stories or
practical uses like
agricultural calendars
Constellation
Zodiac constelation
• The Zodiac is a band of constellations
along the ecliptic, through which the
Sun appears to move throughout the
year.
• These constellations are associated with
astrological signs.
Constellation
Cultural significance
• Constellations often carry cultural
significance and play a role in
mythology, literature, and art.
• They are featured in ancient myths,
religious stories, and folklore from
various cultures.
Polaris
definition location Brightness and spectral type
• Polaris, also known as the North Star or • It is situated almost directly above • Polaris is a bright star, with
Pole Star, is a prominent star located Earth's North Pole. an apparent magnitude of
near the north celestial pole. about 2.0.
• It is a yellow-white
supergiant star (spectral type
F7).
stars
definition
• Stars are celestial objects composed
mostly of hydrogen and helium that
emit light and heat due to nuclear
fusion reactions occurring in their
cores.
• Brightness:
• Stars vary in brightness. Some are incredibly luminous, while
others are faint and difficult to observe.
• Distance:
• Stars are located at vast distances from Earth, both within our
Milky Way galaxy and in other galaxies.
• Color:
• The color of a star is an indicator of its temperature. Hotter
stars appear blue, while cooler stars appear red.
• Multiple Star Systems:
stars
Dwarf star
• Small and cool stars, including red
dwarfs, which are the most common
type in the universe.
stars
giant star
• Larger and more luminous than main
sequence stars. They often appear
reddish.
stars
supergiant star
• Extremely massive and luminous stars,
many times larger than the Sun.
stars
White dwarf
• Compact, Earth-sized remnants of low
to medium-mass stars that have
exhausted their nuclear fuel.
PROJECT 2
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Life cycle of a star
1 2 3
nebula Main sequence
protostar
Stars form within massive clouds of A dense core within a nebula where
The phase where a star spends
gas and dust called nebulae. material starts to collapse, forming a
most of its life, converting
protostar.
hydrogen into helium through
nuclear fusion.
Life cycle of a star
White dwarf or neutron
4 Red giant/supergiant
5 Planetary nebula or supernova 2
6 star/black hole
Higher-mass stars expand into Low to medium-mass stars shed Low to medium-mass stars
red giants or supergiants as they outer layers, forming a planetary become white dwarfs, while
exhaust their hydrogen fuel. nebula. High-mass stars undergo high-mass stars become neutron
supernova explosions. stars or black holes.
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The father of modern science,
Galileo discovered the first
moons ever known to orbit
another planet and that the
Milky Way is made of stars. He
rationalized how objects are
affected by gravity, stated the
principle of inertia, and
proposed the first theory of
relativity.
Galileo Galilei
quasars
A quasar is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN). It is
sometimes known as a quasi-stellar object, abbreviated QSO. The emission
from an AGN is thought to be powered by a supermassive black hole with a
mass ranging from millions to tens of billions of solar masses, surrounded by
a gaseous accretion disc. Gas in the disc falling towards the black hole heats
up and releases energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The radiant
energy of quasars is enormous; the most powerful quasars have luminosities
thousands of times greater than that of a galaxy such as the Milky Way.
Black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing,
including light and other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to
escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact
mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape
is called the event horizon. A black hole has a great effect on the fate and
circumstances of an object crossing it, but it has no locally detectable
features according to general relativity.
Thank you for listening!
