8088/86 Programming Integer instructions and computations
Types of Instructions
Data transfer Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Logic Instructions Shift Instructions Rotate Instructions
Data Transfer Instructions
Move byte or word instruction (MOV) Exchange byte or word instruction (XCHG) Translate byte instruction (XLAT) Load effective address instruction (LEA) Load data segment instruction (LDS) Load extra segment instruction (LES)
The MOV Instruction
Example 1 MOV DX, CS
Meaning : Move the content of CS into DX
Memory outside Processor 01100 01101 BC CA
General Purpose Memory
IP CS DS SS ES AX 01 01 02 00 00 00
01102
BX CX
DX XX XX
Example 1 MOV DX, CS
Meaning : Move the content of CS into DX
Memory outside Processor 01100 01101 BC CA
General Purpose Memory
IP CS DS SS ES AX 01 01 02 02 00 00
01102
BX CX
DX 01 00
Example 2 MOV [SUM],AX
Meaning : Suppose
DS = 0200 SUM = 1212
Move the content of Accumulator AX to the memory location offset by 1212 from the starting location of the current data segment
PA = 02000 + 1212 = 03212 [AL] Memory location of 03212 [AH] Memory location of 03213
MEM = 0020
DS = 1A00 AX = 1234 BH=23 DI=1200
MOV CX,[MEM] MOV AX,0110H MOV DI,AX MOV BL,AL MOV [0100] , AX MOV [BX+DI] , AX MOV [DI] + 4 , AX MOV [BX][DI] + 4 , AX
(a) Value of immediate operand 0110H is moved into AX. (b) Contents of AX are copied into DI. (c) Contents of AL are copied into BL. (d) Contents of AX are copied into memory address DS:0100H (e) Contents of AX are copied into the data segment memory location pointed to by (DS)0 + (BX) + (DI) (f) Contents of AX are copied into the data segment memory location pointed to by (DS)0 + (DI) + 4H (g) Contents of AX are copied into the data segment memory location pointed to by (DS)0 + (BX) + (DI) + 4H
The XCHG Instruction
Example : XCHG [SUM] , BX
Memory outside Processor 01101 01102 87 IE 34 12
General Purpose Memory
IP CS DS SS ES AX 01 11 12 01 00 00
01103 01104 01105
DS (0) + SUM [BX] 12000 + 1234 = 13234
11
01
12000
12001 . . 13234 13235
XX
XX XX XX FF 00
BX CX
DX
AA
00
[BL] 13234 [BH]13235
Example : XCHG [SUM] , BX
Memory outside Processor 01101 01102 87 IE 34 12
General Purpose Memory
IP CS DS SS ES AX 01 11 12 01 00 00
01103 01104 01105
DS (0) + SUM [BX] 12000 + 1234 = 13234
00
01
12000
12001 . . 13234 13235
XX
XX XX XX AA 11
BX CX
DX
FF
00
[BL] 13234 [BH]13235
XCHG AX,DX Write an instruction sequence that will initialize the ES register with the immediate value 1010
MOV AX,1010H MOV ES,AX
Write an instruction sequence that saves the content of the ES register in memory at address DS:1000
MOV [1000H],ES
XCHG [DATA] , AX XCHG [BX+DI] , AX where BX 0100 DI 0010 DS - 1075
The XLAT Instruction
Example LDS SI,[200] outside Processor Memory
General Purpose Memory 01101 01102 01103 01104 01105 C5 36 00 20
IP CS
DS SS ES AX BX CX DX SI DI
01 11
12
00 00
00
DS (0) + [ADDR] SI
00 01 XX FF 00 XX
12000 12001 12202 12203 13000 13001
20 00 00 13
12000 + 0200 = 12200 [12200 & 01] SI
Example LDS SI,[200] outside Processor Memory
General Purpose Memory 01101 01102 01103 01104 01105 C5 36 00 20
IP CS
DS SS ES AX BX CX DX SI DI
01 11
12
00 00
00
DS (0) + [ADDR] SI
00 01 00 FF 00 20
12000 12001 12202 12203 13000 13001
20 00 00 13
12000 + 0200 = 12200 [12200 & 01] SI
Arithmetic Instructions
Operations
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Data Formats
Unsigned and signed bytes or words Unpacked or packed decimal bytes ASCII Numbers
Result of Arithmetic operation affect Flags
Example 1
AL 32 (ASCII for number 2) BL34 (ASCII for number 4)
ADD AL , BL (AL) (AL) + (BL) Answer 66 AAA adjust to give equivalent decimal number 6 Example 2 ADD AL,BL DAA
NEG BX BX = 003A BX = 0000 BX 0000 + 2s complement of 003A 0000+FFC6 FFC6
AL = -1 and CL = -2 what is the content of AX?
AL = FF CL = FE
MUL CL FD02
IMUL CL 0002
What is the result of executing the following sequence of instructions MOV AL,0A1 AL = A1 1010 0001 CBW AX 1111 1111 1010 0001 CWD AX 1111 1111 1010 0001 DX 1111 1111 1111 1111
Assuming that AX=0010 BX=0100 DS=1000 what happens if the XLAT instruction is executed?
AL is loaded from the physical address
10000 + 0100+ 0010= 10110 Write a single instruction that loads AX from address 0200 and DS from address 0202 LDS AX,[0200H]
MOV AL,01010101 AND AL,00011111 OR AL,11000000 XOR AL,00001111 NOT AL
Clearing , setting and toggling bits of an operand Clear a particular bit AND with logic 0 Set a particular bit - OR with logic 1 Toggle(reverse) particular bit XOR operation
Logical Vs Arithmetic
