INTRODUCTION
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What is Air Pollution?
Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particulate matter . The particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about .0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air.
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Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain. Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking.
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Definition
One of the formal definitions of air pollution is as follows The presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be injurious, to human health or welfare, animal or plant life.
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Also defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on man and his environment
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Also defined as pollution referred to troposphere, within which most of the pollutants have a fairly limited life span before they get washed out by rain, removed by reaction or deposited on the ground
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UNPOLLUTED AIR
The gaseous composition of unpolluted air
The Gases
Nitrogen Oxygen Water Argon Carbon Dioxide Neon Helium Methane Krypton Nitrous oxide Hydrogen Xenon Organic vapours
Parts per million (vol)
756,500 202,900 31,200 9,000 305 17.4 5.0 0.97-1.16 0.97 0.49 0.49 0.08 ca.0.02
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History of Air Pollution
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1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of sea coal 1377 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal 1413 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of coal 1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn of the Royal Society publishes Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed 1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burn fossil fuels (coal) to make steam to pump water and move machinery Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by power plants, trains, ships: coal (and oil) burning = smoke, ash 1907 - Formation of the predecessor to the Air & Waste Management Association 1930 - 1950s - Air Pollution Episodes
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1955 First Federal Air Pollution Control Act - funds for research (USA) 1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds for research (USA) 1963 Clean Air Act (USA) -Three stage enforcement -Funds for state and local agencies 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act (USA) -Emission regulations for cars to begin in 1968 1967 Air Quality Act (USA) -Criteria documents -Control technique documents 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments (USA) -National Ambient Air Quality Standards -New Source Performance Standards
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Air Pollution Episodes
Period of poor air quality, up to several days, often extending over large geographical area.
Winter: cold, stable weather conditions trap pollutants close to sources and prevent dispersion. Elevated concentrations of range of pollutants build up over several days
Summer: hot and sunny weather. Pollutants emitted within the U.K. or Europe transported long distances, reacting with each other in sunlight to produce high levels of ozone, & other photochemical pollutants.
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Meuse Valley-Belgium, 1930
63 died (mostly elderly) Sore throats, shortness of breath, cough, phlegm, nausea, vomiting SO2, sulfur dioxide H2O SO4 sulfuric acid mist Cattle, birds and rats died Got little news coverage Fumigation of a valley floor caused by an inversion layer that restricts diffusion from a stack
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Donora, PennsylvaniaOct. 1948
Monongahela River Valley Industrial townsteel mill, sulfuric acid plant, freight yard, etc. Population14,000 Steep hills surrounding the valley Oct 26temperature inversion (warm air trapping cold air near the ground) Stable air, fog, lasted 4.5 days Environs of Donora, Pennsylvania. Horseshoe curve of Monongahela River is surrounded by mountains. Railroad tracks are located on both sides of the river. Low-lying stretch of Monongahela valley between railroad and river is natural trap for pollutants.
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Poza Rico, Mexico 1950
Single source high sulfur crude oil Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Flare went out Inversion in valley 22 sudden deaths, 320 hospitalized All ages Forerunner of Bhopal
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December 1952 Great London Smog
Cold front, Londoners burned soft coal Factories, power plants Temperature inversion 5 days of worst smog city had ever seen Public transportation stopped Indoor concerts had to be cancelled because no one could see the stage, etc Weekly death registered from diseases of the lungs and heart in the London Administrative County around the time of the severe fog in December, 1952. Total death in Greater London and air pollutants levels measured during the fog of December 1952
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Seveso, Italy --Dioxin
July 10, 1976, north of Milan A valve broke at the Industrie Chimiche Meda Societa Azionaria chemical plant Cloud of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-paradioxin (TCDD) traveled southwest through Seveso toward Milan Contaminant of herbicide
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Bhopal, India Dec. 3, 1984
Union Carbide pesticide plant leak kills up to 2,000 with up to 350,000 injured and 100,000 with permanent disabilities Methyl isocyanate (MIC)used as an intermediary in manufacture of Sevin (Carbaryl) CO + Cl = phosgene Phosgene + methylamine = MIC MICirritant to the lungs---edema, fluid (cause of death, bronchospasms, corneal opacity Hydrogen cyanide? Sabotage or industrial accident?
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World-wide Air Pollution Episode
November 27-December 10, 1962 Thousands of excess deaths in many cities including NYC, London, Boston, Paris New Orleans Oct-Nov 1958 asthma deaths.
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Hundreds Troubled by 'World Trade Center Cough NYC fire fighters, school workers have 9/11 breathing problems, new studies say
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Types of Air Pollution
Personal air exposure -It refers to exposure to dust, fumes and gases to which an individual exposes himself Occupational air exposure -It represents the type of exposure of individuals to potentially harmful concentration of aerosols, vapors, and gases in their working environment.
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Community air exposure -This is most serious, complex, consists of varieties of assortment of pollution sources, meteorological factors, and wide variety of adverse social, economical, and health effects.
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Sources of Air Pollution
A. Natural: From natural sources Ex: Volcanoes, Storms etc
B. Anthropogenic: From Manmade sources Ex: Industrial, Mobile etc.
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Classification of Air Pollutants
A. Based origin
1.Primary Pollutants: Pollutants which are directly
emitted in to the atmosphere and found there in the form in which they were emitted. Ex. Sulfur oxides (SOX), Nitrogen oxides (NOX), Hydrogen Carbon (HC) etc.
2.Secondary Pollutants: Pollutants which are formed in
the atmosphere by chemical or photochemical reactions involving primary pollutants. Ex. Ozone (O3), Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) etc.
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Primary Air Pollutants
Five major materials released directly into the atmosphere in unmodified forms. -Carbon monoxide -Sulfur dioxide -Nitrogen oxides -Hydrocarbons -Particulate matter
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Carbon Monoxide
Produced by burning of organic material (coal, gas, wood, trash, etc.) Automobiles biggest source (80%) Cigarette smoke another major source Toxic because binds to hemoglobin, reduces oxygen in blood Not a persistent pollutant, combines with oxygen to form CO2 Most communities now meet EPA standards, but rush hour traffic can produce high CO levels
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Sulphur Dioxide
Produced by burning sulfur containing fossil fuels (coal, oil) Coal-burning power plants major source Reacts in atmosphere to produce acids One of the major components of acid rain When inhaled, can be very corrosive to lung tissue London -1306 banned burning of sea coal -1952 killer fog: 4,000 people died in 4 weeks
tied to sulfur compounds in smog
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Produced from burning of fossil fuels Contributes to acid rain, smog Automobile engine main source
Nitrogen Oxides
New engine technology has helped reduce, but many more cars
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Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons - organic compounds with hydrogen, carbon
From incomplete burning or evaporated from fuel supplies
Major source is automobiles, but some from industry Contribute to smog
Improvements in engine design have helped reduce
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Particulates
Particulates - small pieces of solid materials and liquid droplets (2.5 mm and 10 mm) Examples: ash from fires, asbestos from brakes and insulation, dust Easily noticed: e.g. smokestacks Can accumulate in lungs and interfere with the ability of lungs to exchange gases.
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Some particulates are known carcinogens Those working in dusty conditions at highest risk (e.g., miners) Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) PM1 having size <= 1m: effects in alveoli -PM2.5 having size <= 2.5m: effects trachea -PM10 having size <= 10m: effects in nasal part only<
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Secondary Pollutants
Ozone PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) Photochemical smog Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
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Ozone Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas
composed of three oxygen atoms.
It is both a natural and a man-made product that occurs in the Earth's upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) and lower atmosphere (the troposphere).
Tropospheric ozone what we breathe -- is formed primarily from photochemical reactions between two major classes of air pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX).
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PAN
Smog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons and oxidants under the influence of sunlight giving rise to dangerous peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).
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Photochemical smog
Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons, etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide. It causes painful eyes.
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Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
Aerosols and mists are very fine liquid droplets that cannot be effectively removed using traditional packed scrubbers. These droplets can be formed from gas phase hydrolysis of halogenated acids (HCl, HF, HBr), metal halides, organohalides, sulfur trioxide (SO3), and phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5).
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B. Based on Chemical Composition
1.Organic Pollutants:
Pollutants which are organic by nature Ex. Carbolic Acids, Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Hydrogen Carbon (HC) etc. 2.Inorganic: Pollutants which are inorganic by nature. Ex. Carbon monoxide(CO), Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrogen Chloride, Metal, Metalloids, Ozone (O3) etc.
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C. Based on State of Matter
1.Particulates: Pollutants which are finely divided solids
and liquids Ex. Dust, Smoke, Fly ash, Mist, Spray etc.
2.Gases: Pollutants which are gases by nature. Ex.
Carbon monoxide(CO), Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrogen Chloride, Ozone (O3) etc.
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Health impacts of air pollution
Regional air pollution
Urban air pollution
Indoor air pollution
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Health Costs of Air Pollution
Asia1 An estimated 487,000 premature deaths occur each year due to outdoor air pollution. China2 Environmental and health costs of air pollution in China is about 7 % of GDP [budget deficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP]5 Estimates shows that these costs could rise to 13% of Chinas GDP by 2020 Bangkok Health cost of air pollution $640 million $800 million by 2020
US$ millions (p.a.)
Economic Implications of Health Impacts4
200
Mortality
150
Morbidity
100
50
0 Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta Kathmandu Valley
Exposed to diesel exhaust6 Exposed to clean air6
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Costs of Air Pollution
An estimated 487,000 premature deaths in Asia occur each year due to outdoor air pollution1
A total of 3,547 persons were killed in international terrorist attacks in 20012
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Emissions from residential areas
Average home emit more than twice as much carbon dioxide as the average car1
4,535 Kg of CO2 / year 9,979 Kg of CO2 /year
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Modern concerns relate more to the lung than the respiratory tract
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PARTICULATE MATTER
Size matters particles need to be <3 m to get deep in lung
http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/ currents/vol2issue4/1lungimagingfi g1.html http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Pan orama/Biology/Physiology/Physiolo gy.html http://www.becomehealthynow.com /popups/alveoli_bh.htm http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/asbes May 4, 2012 tospanel/appendix_e.html
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