Scribd
Upload
12 views

Sentences

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Long
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Sentences

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Long
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Revision

Session 9/9
Linguistics 2
Linguistics
2

Clauses -
Morphemes Words Phrases Sentences
Morphemes

Morphemes

Derivational Inflectional Immediate


morphemes
Allomorphs
morphemes constituents
Words

Words

Processes
Kinds of Word
Origins of word
words formation classes
Phrases
Phrases

Noun phrases Verb phrases

One-word Word-group
Pre-mod Post-mod adverbial
Completers
adverbial
Basic sentence
•
patterns
Pattern 1: N be Aj
• Pattern 2: N be Av
• Pattern 3: N be N
• Pattern 4: N LV Aj
• Pattern 5: N LV N
• Pattern 6: N InV (intransitive verb)
• Pattern 7: N TrV N
• Pattern 8: N TrV N N
• Pattern 9: N TrV N plus one (N, Aj, Pronoun, Av,
Uninflected, Verb-present participle-past participle,
Prepositional phrase, Inf phrase with verb be)
Functions of phrases in
a clause
There are 5 possible functions that phrases
fulfil in English clause structure:
1. Subject (SV)
2. Verb (V)
3. Object (O)
4. Complement (C)
5. Adjunct (A)
Functions of phrases in
a clause
5. Adjuncts

Adjuncts are nomally optional elements in clause


structure.

Eg. information about time (when and how long);


about place (position or direction); about
manner; about cause, ...
Functions of phrases in
Exercises: Analyzea
the clause
following clauses into phrases,
indicating the function and category of each phrase.

1. The bowler threw the ball at the stumps.


2. The jury found the prisoner guilty.
3. The perfomance lasted three hours unfortunately.
4. The farmer was eating his lunch in the corn field.
5. The comittee considers your proposals rather
unworkable.
6. The transport manager coulde not decide on a new
bus.
7. Jim passed the salt down the table.
8. The delinquent received a reprimand from the
magistrate.
9. The milk has gone sour.
10. Gordon sent his apologies to the meeting.
Basic sentence
•
patterns
Pattern 1: N be Aj
• Pattern 2: N be Av
• Pattern 3: N be N
• Pattern 4: N LV Aj
• Pattern 5: N LV N
• Pattern 6: N InV (intransitive verb)
• Pattern 7: N TrV N
• Pattern 8: N TrV N N
• Pattern 9: N TrV N plus one (N, Aj, Pronoun, Av,
Uninflected, Verb-present participle-past participle,
Prepositional phrase, Inf phrase with verb be)
Types of clauses /
Simple sentences
1. Subject verb (SV)
2. Subject verb adjunct (SVA)
3. Subject verb complement (SVC)
4. Subject verb object (SVO)
5. Subject verb object object (SVOO)
6. Subject verb object complement (SVOC)
7. Subject verb object adjunct (SVOA)
Types of clauses
Exercise:
Analyze the following clauses in terms of
their phrases, giving the function and
category of each phrase. Indicate which
clause type each belongs to.
1. All of them called Harry a fine fellow.

2. They crammed the clothes into the case.

3. We played snooker after dinner.

4. The old fellow forgot about Jim yesterday.

5. I wouldn't make rice in that saucepan.

6. Your Madras curry smells appetizing.


1. You may not deposit your boots on top of mine.

2. They rolled the barrel into the courtyard.

3. You must not walk on the grass.

4. They consider poor old Andrei insane.

5. Barry sent Mary a bunch of carnations.

6. Your luggage weighs seventy kilos.

7. The children played in the garden all yesterday afternoon.


Dependent clauses /
Subodinate clauses

Dependent
clauses

Nominal Relative Adverbial


clauses clauses clauses
Nominals
1.SV: subject of verb
2.SC: subjective complement
3.DO: direct object of verb
4.IO: indirect object of verb
5.OC: objective complement
6.OP: object of preposition
7.RO: retained object
Nominal Clauses
Functions:

1. Subject of a clause
2. Object of a clause
3. Complement of a clause
Nominal Clauses
Types of nominal clauses:

2 finite clauses (that clauses and wh- clauses)


2 non-finite clauses (infinitive clauses and
participle clauses)
Nominal clauses - examples
That - clauses:

1.That Jim should take a bath amazed


Penny.
2. Jim believes that baths are harmful to the
personality.
3. The possiblilty is that Jim is scared of
water.
Nominal clauses - examples
Wh - clauses:

1. I wonder if Bill has posted the letter.


2. He told me what happened.
3. Where Penny had gone did not interest
Jeff.
4. They don't know whether the bus has
already gone.
5. The question is what we do now.
Nominal clauses - examples
Infinitive clauses:

1. I want to go to the shops.

2. I saw him run down the road.

3. To eat blackcurrant tart is to experience the ultimate


culinary delight.

4. I asked him to leave the room.

5. I want him to leave the room.


Nominal clauses - examples

Participle clauses: Mainly present participle

1. Seeing is believing.

2. Watching a wrestling match makes me doubt the


idea of civilization.

3. Elephants like eating roasted peanuts.


Nominal clauses - exercises
1. Taking that bend at 60 mph explains how he felt the road.

2. It disturbs me to see so many people wasting their time.

3. That people throw away money on gambling never


ceases to amaze me.

4. I cannot imagine how the mistake could have happened.

5. He doesn't seem to suffer much.


6. You cannot order to jump into the river.

7. I think that you will catch him stealing the apples.

8. They reported to the police what the prisoner had said.

9. It disappointed the candidate that few people came to


hear him.

10. We do not know who will be his successor.


Relative clauses
Function: Post modifiers of noun phrases
Examples:
• The old elephant which we saw yesterday
• The man whom I visited
• The song that I like most
• everything that I've said
• the last example that I gave
• the reason why he kept quiet
• the house where I was born
• the time when food was cheap
Adverbial clauses
1. Conditional clauses:
If it rains today, we won't play football.
2. Comparison clauses:
Jane writes more neatly than Jim does.
3. Reason clauses:
We can't go on holiday because we don't have
any money.
4. Contrast clauses:
Although Albert doesn't have any money, he is
still going on holiday.
Adverbial clauses
5. Purpose clauses:
They've dug an air-raid shelter, so that they will
be safe in the next war.
6. Result clauses:
The pictures were so dusty that no-one could
see what they were.
Adverbial clauses
• Functions: like adverb phrases and
prepositonal phrases, adverbial clauses
function as adjunct, giving information
about time, place, manner, ...
• Examples;
He always sings when he is in the bath.
He always goes where he is not allowed to.
Sentences
1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
Sentences - syntactic analysis
Conjunctions: (coordinating conjunctions
and subordinating conjunctions)

Unlike other words, conjunctions do not


enter into the structure of phrases. Their
function is to link clauses and so they
function directly at the sentence level.
Sentences - syntactic analysis
Dependent clauses:

• sometimes function directly in sentences


• sometimes function directly in clause
structure or in phrase structure
Syntactic analysis: Tree diagrams
1. If you like the book that he is talking about you should buy one.

2. Barry likes to play football, but he doesn't often have the

opportunity.

3. After visiting Milan they decided that they must see Naples.

4. Although the patient seems much improved she will have to

rest quietly for a few more days.

5. During the years that followed these three men found their

destinies inextricably linked.


The end
Good luck to you
all!

You might also like