FLO

W
Prepared by Group
3
What is
FLOW?
• the transfer of
material ,products or waste
in forms of solid, liquid,
gases or solid that float on
liquid (slurry).
Terminologies

• Flow is actually the amount of fluid

that passed a given point.

• Flow Rate is the amount of fluid that

passed a given point at any given
instant.

• Total Flow is the amount of fluid

that passed a given point during
a specific period of time.
• Measurement of the flow of a fluid, Wh
either liquid or gas, is commonly a
critical parameter in many
y
processes. is
• In most operations this can be
linked to the basic recipe of the
process knowing that the right fluid
FLO
MEASUREME
is at the right place and the right
time. Equally, it can be linked to
WNT
asset management, keeping the important ?
fluid in motion or even simple tank
balancing.
• Some applications, however,
require the ability to conduct
accurate flow measurements to
such an extent that they influence
product quality, Health & Safety,
and ultimately can make the
difference between making a profit
or running at a loss.
Factors that affects
FLOW
• fluids viscosity
• density
• friction of the fluid
• whether the fluid is in
liquid,gas or vapor
• configuration of the
pipes or ducts
• location
• style
• the number of values
• changes in elevation of
the fluid
• Reynolds number
Types of
FLOW Laminar
Flow
• uniform Re 2300 and below.
• the flow of a liquid is slower along the
process line’s inner walls than at the
center of the line. It is useful in accurate
instrument
measurements can be recorded with a
Transitional
s.
wider variety of measuring
• Re 2300 to 4000 Flow
• The flow from being laminar then
becoming a turbulent flow.
Turbulent
Flow
• Re 4000 and above
• the drag of a turbulent flow is higher than
the drag of a laminar flow. Also, turbulent
flow is affected by surface roughness, so
that increasing roughness increases the
drag.
FLOW
INSTRUMEN
T
Open-Channel
Flow
Measurements
• Weir
• Flumes

Enclosed Channel
Flow Measurement
• Velocity Flowmeter
• Mass Flowmeter
• Coriolis Meters
We i
rWhat is Weir?
• a dam in a stream or river to raise
the water level or divert its flow. a
barrier across a river designed to
alter the flow characteristics.
• Weirs are commonly used to
prevent flooding, measure
discharge and help Open-
render rivers navigable. In some Channel
places the crest of an overflow Flow
spillway on a large dam may also be Measureme
called a weir. nts
 Weir
•Plates
are common and simple methods of
measuring the flow of water in open
channels. At its simplest, a weir is no more
than an obstruction placed in a channel
over which water flows (unlike flumes
where the water flows through the
structure). Often this flow is over a
specially shaped notch or opening set
above the floor of the channel.
Interchangeable weir plates (30° V, 60° V,
90° V, 120° V, and Cipolletti plates)

Types of Weir
• Triangular/ V-notch
• Trapezoidal
• Rectangular
Types of
Weir
Triangular or V-notch
The V – Notch weir is especially good for
measuring a low flow rate.

Trapezoidal
The rectangular weir is especially
good for measuring a medium flow
rate.

Rectangular
The rectangular weir is especially
good for measuring a large flow
rate.
Flum
eWhat is Flume?
• is a human-made channel for water
• They are specially shaped, fixed hydraulic
structures that under free-flow conditions
force flow to accelerate in such a way
that the flow may be characterized by a
known relationship between the liquid
level (head) at a single specified location
and the flow rate.
• Unlike weirs, they allow for the ready
passage of sedimentation and floating
debris – reducing the time and effort
associated with maintenance.
Types of
Flumes
Parshall Flume
• is an economical and accurate way of
measuring the flow of water in open channels
and non-full pipes. Originally developed to
measure surface waters, water rights
apportionment, and irrigation flows, Parshall
flumes are now used to measure piped / plant
sewage flows, industrial discharges, and dam
seepage.
• Of all the flumes, the Parshall flume is the
most recognized and commonly used.

H-type Flumes
• design allows a wider range of flows than any
other flume type – providing low flow
sensitivity as well as the ability to measure
high flow rates. design allows a wider range of
flows than any other flume type – providing
low flow sensitivity as well as the ability to
measure high flow rates.
Types of Flumes
Palmer-Bowlus
•Flume
It is designed for easy installation in
existing
manhole channels and sewer piping.
• It’s primary application is in pipelines, in
round bottom channels or in manholes
where it is often preferred because of cost
and ease of installation that can minimize
construction expense.
• It is a is a fixed hydraulic structure
developed to measure sanitary sewage /
wastewater flows.

Trapezoidal Flumes
• was developed primarily to measure
irrigation flows.
• The goal was to design a flume that was
capable of accurately measuring a much
Velocity Flowmeter Enclosed
• These instruments operate linearly Channel
with respect to the volume flow rate.
Because there is no square-root Flow
relationship (as with differential
pressure devices), their rangeability
Measureme
is greater. nt
Ultra sonic flow meter
• is an electronic flowmeter that uses
the principles of
sound transmission into liquids to
measure flow
• A time-differential relationship proportional
to the
Turbine flow can be obtained by
Flowmeter
transmitting
• Pulse frequencytheissignal alternately
proportional in both
to the
directions.
velocity.
Flow Switches Enclosed
• correlate flows above or below a setpoint
for the switch types listed below. Switches Channel
should be selected so that the normal Flow
process variable actuation setpoint lies
between 40 and 60 percent of the
Measureme
maximum full scale range of the switch. nt
High Flow Switches
• use the normally closed contact, and it
opens on high flow above the setpoint.
For flows below that setpoint, the
contact closes
Low Flow Switches
• use the normally open contact, and it
opens on low flow below the setpoint.
For flows above that setpoint, the
contact closes.
Types of flow switches: Enclosed
• Paddle Channel
• Vane Flow
• Rotor Measureme
• Thermal
nt
• Differential Pressure

Mechanical Flow Indicators:

• Rotameters
• Vane
• Piston
• Turbine
• Sight Flow Indicators / Flow glasses
 Mass
•Flowmeter
A mass flow meter, also known as an
inertial flow meter is a device that
measures mass flow rate of a fluid
traveling through a tube. The mass flow
rate is the mass of the fluid traveling past a
fixed point per unit time. The mass flow
meter does not measure the volume per
unit time passing through the device; it
measures the mass per unit time flowing
throughMeters
Coriolis the device.
• also known as inertial flow meter.
• can measure how much fluid is flowing .
• measure the amount of mass flowing
through the device. Enclosed
• provides a very accurate measurement of Channel
the flow of either liquids or gas.
Flow
Measureme
nt
Thank
you!