Learning Outcomes
• At the end of the discussion, you
should be able to:
a. Cite the concepts that developed in
the 19th Century
b. Determine the challenges of the 19th
Century
c. Create a Venn Diagram showing the
characteristics of the Church in the
19th C and in our contemporary
What were the
main concepts
that developed
during the mid-
19 Century?
th
•1. Advancements
of
industrialization
• 2. the wide
acceptance of
the concept
of democracy
3. Growing
concept of
socialism
- it gained
popularity due to
oppression of the
workers in
Europe
• 4. the spirit
of liberalism
• 5. growing
salutary
(beneficial)
effects of
nationalism
Challenges
of the 19 th
Century
1. The Challenge
of
Industrializatio
n
- Industrializatio
n rapidly
gained
momentum in
the 2nd half of
the 19th
century
- Safer, faster and
more
comfortable
means of
transportation
were
constructed
- Faster means of
communication
like telephone
and telegraph
enabled people
to have better
- The Philippines
as a source of
raw materials
and as market of
finished products
was eventually
drawn into the
orbit of
international
trade after 1834
2. The Altered
Position of the
Catholic Church
- The Catholic
Church in Europe
was a powerful
influential
institution in the
19th century
- The Church has
been identified
with the
monarchy and
- The French
viewed the
Church as a
threat to their
newly established
republican state
- In Spain, the
liberals
considered the
Church an enemy
of reforms
- A movement was
established
called “anti-
clericalism”
- To maintain what
was left of its
power and
influence, Pope
Leo XIII accepted
the demands of
modern society
without
surrendering its
- Rizal and other
Filipino leaders
were exposed to
these reforms
and movements
- The Philippines
was opened to
world trade and a
new breed of
middle class
emerged
3. The Philippines
is Drawn within
the Orbit of
World Trade
- The beneficial
effects of
economic
liberalism in
Europe and US
convinced Spain
to abandon
mercantilism
- Spain opened
the Philippine
ports to foreign
trades starting
with Manila in
1834, followed
by Iloilo,
Zamboanga,
Cebu, Legaspi
and Tacloban
- These
conveniences
abetted
(assisted) the
people’s
awareness of
the changes
that would give
them a better
life
4. The New Breed
of Native Middle
Class
- The 19th century
economic and
social
motivation
affected a
marked
improvement in
the standard of
living of indios
and mestizos
- By this time,
Philippine
education began
to share the
existing liberals
in Europe
- The Educational
Reform Decree in
1859 ordered the
establishment of
public primary
schools
- The Jesuits
opened a
secondary school
subsidized by the
government
- Natives had gone
to school and
small group of
college students
was influenced
by modern ideas
Activity
• Answer the following questions:
1. What was the effect of Industrial
Revolution in the Philippines?
2. Why did Spain open the Philippines
within the orbit of world trade?
5. Initial Response
to the 19th
Century
Challenges
- Inspired by the
prosperous
developments in
Europe, Filipino
members of the
educated middle
class as well as
religious, began
to work for
- They demand for
the right to
administer
parishes (issue of
secularization)
- The firs to
champion the
cause of the
native clergy was
a Spanish
mestizo, Padre
Pedro Pelaez
- Father Pelaez
used the pulpit
(Church) and the
press to expose
and criticized the
racial
discrimination
against the
native clergy
- Father Jose A.
Burgos continued
father Pelaez’s
unfinished mission
- The unification of
Filipino clergy was
strengthened by
the sense of
identity- that of
being a native
Filipino clergy
fighting for the
right to administer
6. Futile Spanish
Attempts to Initiate
Reforms
- Governor General
Manuel Pavia (1854)
and Governor
General Carlos Ma
de la Torre (1869-
1871) warned the
Spanish government
and suggested
certain reforms in
the Philippines
• Governor
General Rafael
Izqiuerdo (1871-
1873), on the
other hand,
blamed higher
education as
the motivating
factor of these
anxieties
- He sought to
prohibit any
further ordination
of Filipino priests
- He suggested that
all native troops
be replaced by
Spanish soldiers
- Mutiny in
Cavite erupted
on January 20,
1872
- The mutineers
led by Sergeant
La Madrid
admirably
showed their
fighting
spiritscoo
7. Filipino
Sentiment of
Nationality
Aroused
- Among those
arrested were
mestizos and
natives who were
most vocal in
suggesting
reforms during De
la Torre’s regime
- They were Fathers
Gomes, Burgos,
Zamora, Agustin
Mendoza, Mariano
Lopez and
Feliciano Lopez
