common corrosion types
(Pitting corrosion and Crevice Corrosion )
Supervised by
ASSOC.PROF.DR. Erhan GUNEYSI
Prepared by
Wesam Kurdi Abd
Mustafa Fahmi Hasan Ghazala Yuonus Asaad
Lamyaa Abed Jafr 1
Why do metals corrode ?
• Any spontaneous reaction in the universe is
associated with a lowering in the free energy of the
system. i.e. a negative free energy change.
• All metals except the noble metals have free energies
greater than their compounds. So they tend to become
their compounds through the process of corrosion
Corrosion
• General Corrosion
• Pitting Corrosion
• Crevice Corrosion
• Stress Corrosion Cracking
• Galvanic Corrosion
• Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
• Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking
• Intergranular Corrosion
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Pitting and Crevice corrosion are forms of localised corrosion,
which means that the corrosion occurs in a limited area on the
pipe. The corrosion rate is often high and is generally higher
than that for uniform corrosion, due to a large cathode/anode
ratio. A severe attack is therefore usually observed, and the pit
or crevice may cut through the pipe wall thickness to form a
hole.
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PITTING CORROSION
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PITTING
• A form of extremely
localized attack causing
holes in the metal
• Most destructive form
• Autocatalytic nature
• Difficult to detect and
measure
• Mechanism
Mechanism of Pitting Corrosion
The mechanism for pitting and crevice corrosion has some
similarities and pitting is often seen as the portent of crevice
corrosion. Some researchers see crevices as big pits, while others
regard both corrosion forms as crevice corrosion, where pitting
corrosion.is considered a special form. Galvele used Tafel’s law
to confirm the strong relationship between the mechanisms for
pitting and crevice corrosion presented by Wilde and Williams
for solutions containing NaCl and in seawater.
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Electro Chemical of Pitting Corrosion
Pitting corrosion
Inhibitors:-
• Chloride (catalyst)
• High temperatures
• Acidic conditions, low pH, such as CO2, H2S
• Damaged oxide layer (chemically inhibited)
Corrosion Pit Shapes
THROUGH PITS SIDEWAY PITS
Narrow, deep Subsurface
Shallow, wide
Undercutting
Elliptical
Horizontal grain attack
Vertical Grain Attack
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CREVICE CORROSION
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Crevice corrosion
• Crevice or contact corrosion is the
corrosion produced at the region of
contact of metals with metals or metals
with non-metals. It may occur at
washers, under barnacles, at sand
grains, under applied protective films,
and at pockets formed by threaded
joints.
• Cleanliness, the proper use of
sealants, and protective coatings are
effective means of controlling this
problem
Crevice Corrosion
This is a concentration cell in action. Notice how the
damage occurs in out of sight places.
Mechanism of Crevice Corrosion
The crevice corrosion mechanism is dependent on several
parameters and it may change accordingly with a change in the
parameters. The attack happens in a restricted area, often a
narrow crack with a width of normally only a few micrometers.
These crack can occur where there are external agents such as
paint remains, tape or insulation, that forms a crevice against the
pipe surface. The chemistry within the crack develops differently
from the rest of the bulk solution. In a review, several
mechanisms were proposed for crevice corrosion, since any
single mechanism fails to explain all aspects of crevice corrosion.
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Crevice Corrosion
Crevice corrosion
Occurring:
• Under gaskets,
• Sharp re-entrant corners
• Incomplete weld penetration
• Overlapping surfaces
Mechanism- Chronology of Crevice Corrosion
Stage 1
At time zero, the oxygen content
in the water occupying a crevice
is equal to the level of soluble
oxygen and is the same every
where.
Stage 2
Because of the difficult access
caused by the crevice geometry,
oxygen consumed by normal
uniform corrosion is very soon Fig. Schematic illustration (initial
depleted in the crevice. stage) of the mechanism for crevice
corrosion between two riveted sheets.
Stage 3
1. The metal ions produced by the anodic corrosion reaction readily hydrolyze giving off
protons (acid) and forming corrosion products.
2. The acidification of the local environment can produce a serious increase in the corrosion
rate of most metals.
3. The corrosion products seal even further the crevice environment.
4. The accumulation of positive charge in the crevice becomes a strong attractor to negative
ions in the environment.
Crevice Corrosion Testing
ASTM G78 - Standard Guide for Crevice Corrosion Testing
In this test, washers make a number of contact sites on either side
of the specimens. The number of sites showing attack in a given
time can be related to the resistance of a material to initiation of
localized corrosion, and the average or maximum depth of attack
can be related to the rate of propagation.
... after 30 days in 0.5 FeCl3 + 0.05 M NaCl
Diagram presenting the corrosion rate of crevice
corrosion against time from
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Other Parameters Taken to Determine the capability to Pitting
and Crevice Corrosion
• Effect of Temperature
• Effect of Chloride Concentration
• Corrosion Rate
• Material Properties
• Oxide Film
• Effect of Surface Roughness
• Effect of Pipe Diameter
• Effect of Coating
• Induction time
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