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The Universe

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22 views24 pages

The Universe

Hhhhhhnntnjjjjjkkngg

Uploaded by

izzyvalerieacob7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The

Universe

4-16-08
Formation of the
Universe
 Steady State Theory
Theory which states the universe
always was
 Big Bang Theory
Theory which states that the universe
came to be and expanded from an
extremely dense state (a singularity).
Timeline of events
 1. Time: 0
Matter and energy are created
in the Big Bang.
2. Time: 60 secs
Temperature: 1 billion °C.
Protons and neutrons join
together to make nuclei of
atoms.
3. Time: 300,000 years
Temperature: 3000°C.
Electrons combine with nuclei
to produce atoms of hydrogen
and helium.
4. Time: 1 billion years
Temperature: -250°C.
Gravity causes matter to
clump together to form
galaxies, where stars form.
5. Time: 10 billion years
Temperature: -270°C.
The sun and planets form.
Evidence for Big Bang
 1. Cosmic Background Radiation
(heat, energy from the initial
explosion in the form of microwaves,
uniform throughout the sky)
Cosmic Radiation video clip

http://video.pbs.org/video/18554389
15/
Evidences continued…
COBE satellite has recently detected cosmic
microwaves that have come from the outer
reaches of the universe, some of which show
varied temperature, evidence for cooling.
(evidence for heat of initial explosion)
2. Doppler Shift/ Hubble’s Law – Light which is
reaching us from far away galaxies show a shift
toward the red end of the light spectrum. Hubble
found the galaxies with the most redshift were
the ones that were farthest away and were
moving the fastest. (evidence for expansion)
http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ph
y03.sci.phys.fund.hubble2/
Evidences……
3. Abundance of light elements in the
universe (evidence that the initial
elements were the simplest ones)
4. We can look back in time at
supernova we see now, that occurred
billions of years ago. (evidence for the
age of galaxies and stars)
http://www.teachersdomain.org/resourc
e/psu06-swift.sci.time
/
The Universe
 The Universe is roughly 14 billion
years old
 The universe was once considered
95% “empty”
The Universe
Universe

Galaxies Vacuum (dark matter)

Black Hole Stars Nebulas Planetary


Systems

Star Planets Moons


Galaxies
 A group of stars, star clusters, dust
and gas bound together by gravity.
 Average galaxy – billions of stars
 Big galaxy – trillions of stars
 Galaxies often have black holes at
the center
 Our galaxy is the Milky Way
Types of Galaxies
 Spiral – contains
bright young stars,
gas and dust.
(Pinwheel shape)
 Elliptical – Round or
oval. Older stars with
little gas and dust
 Irregular – Smaller
than other galaxies,
and have bright
young stars with lots
of gas and dust
What type of galaxy is
this?
Formation of solar
system
 a. Cloud of dust and gas
collapse
 b. Gravity pulls solar nebula
together
 c. Nebula flattens and forms
rotating disk
 d. Gravity pulls most of the gas
into the center of the disk and
fusion occurs
 e. Gas and dust form
planetismals on outer parts of
disk
 f. Planetismals collided and
grew larger into planets, with
the denser rockier material in
the inner planets and the
lighter gaseous material in the
outer planets
Solar
System
Our Solar System
 Sun – star at the center, exerts a powerful
gravitational force which keep objects in orbit
around it. Accounts for 99% of mass in our
solar system
 Inner planets (4) – Rocky or terrestrial
planets; small and dense. These are Mercury,
Venus, Earth and Mars
 Asteroid Belt – Located between Mars and
Jupiter. Consists of asteroids (planetismals
that failed to become planets.) 1-200km
across, made of carbon, minerals
Continued….
 Outer Planets – Gaseous planets, large in
size. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune.
 Large planet = large force of
gravity=greater number of satellites
 Kuiper Belt – Small bodies, icy objects
that contain water, methane and
ammonia
 Oort cloud – Spherical cloud of comets
outside our solar system
Astronomical Units
 Used as a unit of distance in our solar
system.
 1AU is 93 million miles, or
150,000,000km, the distance from the
sun to the earth.
 Ex: Mercury is 57.6 million km from
the sun. What is the distance in AU?
 57,600,000km = 0.384 AU
150,000,000 km/AU
Light Years
 A light year is a  Light Years
measure of distance,
and is the distance
light travels in a year
 9.46 trillion km
 Used for large
distances (larger
than our solar
system), ex: to a
nearby galaxy or
star.
Satellites
 Any object that orbits another in
space
 Can be moons, man made objects,
planets, comets etc.
Comets and Asteroids and
Meteors
 Comets are like a ball of rock
and dirty snow. As they
 Asteroids are made of
approach the sun the gas rocky and/or iron-
vaporizes
nickel material and
 http://
news.nationalgeographic.com/ most are found in an
news/ orbit between Mars
2005/07/0720_050719_deep_i
mpact.html and Jupiter. (10m-200
km across)
 Meteors, are usually sized
from a grain of sand to about a
softball. Made of rock, iron
and ice. Called meteors when
travel through planets
atmosphere
 Meteorites are what have hit
the ground
Orbiting
 What keeps a satellite
in orbit?
 There are 2
simultaneous motions
acting upon the
satellite: gravity and
instantaneous
velocity.

http://www.teachersdo
main.org/resources/es
s05/sci/ess/eiu/moonor
bit/index.html
Revolution vs. Rotation
 Rotation – movement
of a planet or an
object on its axis, a
full 360 degrees. Ex:
the time it takes for 1
rotation of the earth is
one day, or 24 hours.
(The earth is split into
time zones spaced 1
hour apart)
 Rotation causes day
and night
Revolution continued....
 Revolution is the
movement of one object
around another Ex: path
travelled by the earth
around the sun is one
year or 365 ¼ days.
Earth’s orbit (path) is
slightly elliptical
 http://
esminfo.prenhall.com/
science/geoanimations/
animations/
01_EarthSun_E2.html
The planets…..
 All the planets except Venus,
Uranus, and Pluto rotate on their
axis around the sun in an eastward
direction
 http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/
01944/planet-table.htm

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