MICROBIAL

INFECTION
Infection of the Skin and Eyes
Infection of the skin and Eyes
Bacterial
•Leprosy
• is
an infectious disease that causes severe, disfiguring skin sores
and nerve damage in the arms, legs, and skin areas around the
body. The disease has been around since ancient times, often
surrounded by terrifying, negative stigmas and tales of leprosy
patients being shunned as outcasts.
• Causative agent :
• Leprosy
is caused by a slow-growing type of bacteria called
Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). Leprosy is also known as
Hansen's disease, after the scientist who discovered M. leprae in
1873.
• Incubation period :
• Thebacteria are slow-growing; the incubation period for leprosy is
about five years (two to 10 years), and it can take as long as about
20 years before symptoms and signs of leprosy (skin lesions, nerve
damage, for example) develop in some patients.

• Mode of transmission :
• Aninfection with Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis
bacteria causes leprosy. ... The infection spreads from person to
person by nasal secretions or droplets. Leprosy rarely spreads from
chimpanzees, mangabey monkeys, and nine-banded armadillos to
humans by droplets or direct contact.
• Vaccine :
• Atthe moment there isn't a specific vaccine for leprosy. There is a
vaccine against tuberculosis, called the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-
Guérin) vaccine. This vaccine can offer some protection against
leprosy. This is because the organism that causes leprosy is like the
one that causes tuberculosis.
• Signs and symptoms :
• the appearance of skin lesions that are lighter than normal skin and remain
for weeks or months
• patches of skin with decreased sensation, such as touch, pain, and heat
• muscle weakness
• numbness in the hands, feet, legs, and arms, known as “glove and stocking
anesthesia”
• eye problems
• enlarged nerves, especially in the elbows or knees
• stuffy nose and nosebleeds
• curling of the fingers and thumb, caused by paralysis of small muscles in
the hand
• ulcers on the soles of the feet.
• Diagnosis :
• Skinsmears or biopsy material that show acid-fast bacilli with the
Ziel-Neelsen stain or the Fite stain can diagnose multibacillary
leprosy. If bacteria are absent, paucibacillary leprosy can be
diagnosed. Other less commonly used tests include blood exams,
nasal smears, and nerve biopsies.

• Treatment :
• In
general, two antibiotics (dapsone and rifampicin) treat
paucibacillary leprosy, while multibacillary leprosy is treated with
the same two plus a third antibiotic, clofazimine. Usually, medical
professionals administer the antibiotics for at least six to 12
months or more to cure the disease.
•Acne
• is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become
plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It often causes whiteheads,
blackheads or pimples, and usually appears on the face, forehead,
chest, upper back and shoulders. Acne is most common among
teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.
• Causative agent :
• Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is the name of the bacteria that
live on the skin and contributes to the infection of pimples.
Research suggests that the severity and frequency of acne depend
on the strain of bacteria. Not all acne bacteria trigger pimples.
• Incubation period :
• Some studies recommend incubation periods of up to 21–28 days
[55–57]. However, the clinical relevance and the risk of reinfection
in those with late culture growth remain unknown.

• Mode of transmission :
• No, Acne Is Not Contagious
• There are some skin problems that are contagious, but acne isn't
one of them. Common acne (what's called acne vulgaris in med-
speak) can't be passed from person to person like a cold or flu can.
You can touch, hug, and kiss someone with acne without fear of
catching the skin disorder.
• Vaccine :
• No Vaccine

• Signs and Symptoms :

• Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
• Blackheads (open plugged pores)
• Small red, tender bumps (papules)
• Pimples (pustules), which are papules with pus at their tips.
• Large,
solid, painful lumps beneath the surface of the skin
(nodules)
• Diagnosis :
• Acne is diagnosed by a simple visual inspection by your doctor.
There is no test for acne. Rarely, a doctor may take a swab or
scraping of a lesion or pustule for microbiological examination or
culture to rule out other sources of infection

• Treatment :
• Formoderate to severe acne, you may need oral antibiotics to
reduce bacteria and fight inflammation. Usually the first choice for
treating acne is tetracycline — such as minocycline or doxycycline
— or a macrolide. Oral antibiotics should be used for the shortest
time possible to prevent antibiotic resistance.
•Anthrax
• is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-
shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax can be found
naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals
around the world.

• Causative agent :
• Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive,
rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax can be
found naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild
animals around the world.
• Incubation period :
• The incubation period is typically 1 day for cutaneous anthrax and
1–7 days for pulmonary anthrax. Evidence from mass exposures
indicates that incubation periods up to 60 days are possible for
pulmonary anthrax (related to the delayed activation of inhaled
spores).

• Mode of transmission :
• There'sno evidence that anthrax is transmitted from person to
person, but it's possible that anthrax skin lesions may be
contagious through direct contact. Usually, anthrax bacteria enter
the body through a wound in the skin. You can also become
infected by eating contaminated meat or inhaling the spores.
• Vaccine :
• Theonly licensed anthrax vaccine, Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) or
BioThraxTM is indicated for active immunization for the prevention of
disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, in persons 18 – 65 years of age at
high risk of exposure.

• Signs and Symptoms :

• Flu-like
symptoms, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle
aches, which may last a few hours or days.
• Mild chest discomfort.
• Shortness of breath.
• Nausea.

• Coughing up blood.
• Painful swallowing.
• Diagnosis :
• Skintesting. A sample of fluid from a suspicious lesion on your skin
or a small tissue sample (biopsy) may be tested in a lab for signs
of cutaneous anthrax.
• Blood
tests. You may have a small amount of blood drawn that's
checked in a lab for anthrax bacteria.
• ChestX-ray or computerized tomography (CT) scan. Your doctor
may request a chest X-ray or CT scan to help diagnose inhalation
anthrax.
• Stool
testing. To diagnose gastrointestinal anthrax, your doctor
may check a sample of your stool for anthrax bacteria.
• Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). In this test, your doctor inserts a
needle into your spinal canal and withdraws a small amount of
fluid. A spinal tap is usually done only to confirm a diagnosis of
anthrax meningitis.
Treatment :
The standard treatment for anthrax is a 60-day course of an
antibiotic, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) or doxycycline (Monodox,
Vibramycin, others). Which single antibiotic or combination of
antibiotics will be most effective for you depends on how you were
infected with anthrax, your age, your overall health and other
factors. Treatment is most effective when started as soon as
possible.

Although some cases of anthrax respond to antibiotics, advanced

inhalation anthrax may not. By the later stages of the disease, the
bacteria have often produced more toxins than drugs can eliminate.
•Gas gangrene
• Gangrene is the death of body tissue. Clostridial myonecrosis, a
type of gas gangrene, is a fast-spreading and potentially life-
threatening form of gangrene caused by abacterial infection from
Clostridium bacteria. The infection causes toxins to form in the
tissues, cells, and blood vessels of the body. These bacteria will
release toxins that cause tissue death and release a gas.
• Causative agent :
• Gasgangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and
myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in
gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by
Clostridium perfringens bacteria.
• Incubation period :
• Infection
usually results from deep trauma or surgery, although
minor procedures, such as intramuscular injection, have been
associated with gas gangrene. The incubation period is usually less
than 24 hours but has been described to be anywhere from 7 hours
to 6 weeks.

• Mode of transmission :
• it
can be spread through poor infection control practices, such as
bacteria being passed from patient to patient via contaminated
surgical instruments or gloves. As gas gangrene is not naturally
transmitted from person to person, there is no need for patients to
be isolated
• Vaccine :
• No vaccination

• Signs and symptoms :

• fever.

• air under the skin.

• pain in the area around a wound.
• swelling in the area around a wound.
• pale skin that quickly turns gray, dark red, purple, or black.
• blisters with foul-smelling discharge.
• excessive sweating.
• increased heart rate.
• Diagnosis :
• Physical examination and ordering various tests. Diagnostic testing
include: skin culture to test for the presence of Clostridium
perfringens and other bacteria. blood tests to check for an
abnormally high white blood cell count, which can indicate an
infection.

• Treatment :
• Ifgas gangrene is suspected, treatment must begin immediately.
High doses of antibiotics, typically penicillin and clindamycin, are
given, and all dead and infected tissue is removed surgically. About
one of five people with gas gangrene in a limb requires
amputation.
Staphylococcal skin infection
•Folliculitis
• is a common skin condition in which hair follicles become
inflamed. It's usually caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. At
first it may look like small red bumps or white-headed pimples
around hair follicles — the tiny pockets from which each hair
grows.
• Causative agent
• There are various infectious and non-infectious causes of
folliculitis, and the most common causative agent is
Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, several Gram-negative
bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens can cause follicular
papules and pustules.
• Incubation period :
• Theincubation period for "Pseudomonas folliculitis" is usually 48
hours (range 8 hours to 5 days) after exposure to contaminated
water.

• Mode of transmission :
• Although most folliculitis is not contagious, folliculitis caused by an
infectious agents may be transmitted through person-to-person
skin contact, shared razors, or through Jacuzzis or hot tubs. It is
possible to give the infection to someone else through close skin
contact.

• Vaccine :
• No vaccine
• Signs and symptoms :
• Clusters of small red bumps or white-headed pimples that develop around
hair follicles
• Pus-filled blisters that break open and crust over
• Itchy, burning skin
• Painful, tender skin
• A large swollen bump or mass

• Diagnosis :
• Your doctor is likely to diagnose folliculitis by looking at your skin and
reviewing your medical history. He or she may use a technique for
microscopic examination of the skin (dermoscopy).

• If initial treatments don't clear up your infection, your doctor may use a swab
to take a sample of your infected skin or hair. This is sent to a laboratory to
help determine what's causing the infection. Rarely, a skin biopsy may be
done to rule out other conditions.
• Treatment :
• Medications

• Creams or pills to control infection. For mild infections, your doctor

may prescribe an antibiotic cream, lotion or gel. Oral antibiotics
aren't routinely used for folliculitis. But for a severe or recurrent
infection, your doctor may prescribe them.
• Creams, shampoos or pills to fight fungal infections. Antifungals
are for infections caused by yeast rather than bacteria. Antibiotics
aren't helpful in treating this type.
• Creams or pills to reduce inflammation. If you have mild
eosinophilic folliculitis, your doctor may suggest you try a steroid
cream to ease the itching. If you have HIV/AIDS, you may see
improvement in your eosinophilic folliculitis symptoms after
antiretroviral therapy.
•Furuncle
• also known as a boil, is a painful infection that forms around a hair
follicle and contains pus. A carbuncle is collection of boils that
develop under the skin. When bacteria infect hair follicles, the
follicles can swell and turn into boils and carbuncles. A furuncle
starts as a red lump. It may be tender.

• Causative agent :
• Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent.
• Incubation period :
• Although the most common range of the incubation period for
staphylococci is about four to 10 days, boils caused by these bacteria
that are normally found on the skin are considered to have a variable
incubation period.

• Mode of transmission :
• It
is possible for boils to spread to another person if bacteria from the
initially infected person contact the skin of another person who is
susceptible to the infecting bacteria. However, a boil can spread in the
skin of an infected individual to become an abscess or develop into a
clump of boils (carbuncle).

• Vaccine :
• No vaccine
• Signs and symptoms :
• Boilscan occur anywhere on your skin, but appear mainly on the
face, back of the neck, armpits, thighs and buttocks — hair-bearing
areas where you're most likely to sweat or experience friction.
Signs and symptoms of a boil usually include:

•A painful, red bump that starts out small and can enlarge to more
than 2 inches (5 centimeters)
• Red, swollen skin around the bump
• Anincrease in the size of the bump over a few days as it fills with
pus
• Development of a yellow-white tip that eventually ruptures and
allows the pus to drain out
• Diagnosis :
• A sample of the pus may be sent to the lab for testing. This may
be useful if you have recurring infections or an infection that hasn't
responded to standard treatment

• Treatment :
• Treatment for stubborn furuncles generally includes steps to
promote drainage and healing. Warm compresses can help speed
the rupturing of a furuncle. Apply a warm, moist compress
throughout the day to facilitate drainage. Continue to apply
warmth to provide both healing and pain relief after a boil has
ruptured.
•Carbuncle
• is a red, swollen, and painful cluster of boils that are connected to
each other under the skin. A boil (or furuncle) is an infection of a
hair follicle that has a small collection of pus (called an abscess)
under the skin.

• Causative agent :
• Caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which inhabit the skin
surface, throat, and nasal passages. These bacteria can cause
infection by entering the skin through a hair follicle, small scrape,
or puncture, although sometimes there is no obvious point of entry.
• Incubation period :
• for staphylococci is about four to 10 days, boils caused by these
bacteria that are normally found on the skin are considered to
have a variable incubation period.

• Mode of transmission :
• An active boil or carbuncle is contagious: the infection can spread
to other parts of the person's body or to other people through skin-
to-skin contact or the sharing of personal items.

• Vaccine :
• No vaccine
• Signs and symptoms :
• Themost obvious first symptom of a carbuncle is a red, irritated
lump under your skin. Touching it may be painful. It can range from
the size of a lentil to a medium-sized mushroom.

• Other symptoms may include:

• itching before the lump appears.
• bodily aches.
• fatigue.

• fever and chills.

• skin crustiness or oozing.
Diagnosis :
our doctor can usually diagnose a carbuncle by looking at your skin. A pus
sample may also be taken for lab analysis. ... If you keep developing
carbuncles, it may be a sign of other health issues, such as diabetes. Your
doctor may want to run urine or blood tests to check your overall health

Treatment :
You can generally treat small boils at home by applying warm compresses
to relieve pain and promote natural drainage.

For larger boils and carbuncles, treatment may include:

Incision and drainage. Your doctor may drain a large boil or carbuncle by
making an incision in it. Deep infections that can't be completely drained
may be packed with sterile gauze to help soak up and remove additional
pus.
Antibiotics. Sometimes your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to help heal
severe or recurrent infections.
•Scalded skin syndrome
•a serious skin infection caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus
aureus. This bacterium produces an exfoliative toxin that causes
the outer layers of skin to blister and peel, as if they've been
doused with a hot liquid.
• Staphylococcalscalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is an illness
characterized by red blistering skin that looks like a burn or scald,
hence its name staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
• Causative agent :
• SSSS is caused by the release of two exotoxins (epidermolytic
toxins A and B) from toxigenic strains of the bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus.
• Mode of transmission :
• Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is an acute epidermolysis
caused by a staphylococcal toxin. Infants and children are most
susceptible. ... Epidemics may occur in nurseries, presumably
transmitted by the hands of personnel who are in contact with an
infected infant or who are nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus.

• Incubation period :
• Scarletfever most frequently occurs in late childhood. The
incubation period is known to be 2 to 3 days. It begins with a
sudden fever and pharyngeal pain, soon followed by strawberry
tongue. At the early stages, tongue fur which is often referred to as
“white strawberry tongue” is seen in many cases.
• Vaccine :
• No vaccine

• Signs and symptoms :

• Red, painful areas around infection site.
• Blistering.

• Fever.

• Chills.

• Weakness.

• Fluid loss.
• Toplayer of skin slips off with rubbing or gentle pressure
(Nikolsky's sign)
• Diagnosis

• Alongwith medical history and physical examination, diagnosis can be

confirmed with:

• Skin biopsy (a sample of the skin looked at under a microscope)

• Culture of skin (a swab of skin, nose, eye and throat to look for signs of Staph
aureus)
• Nikolsy’s sign (a blister formed from slight rubbing pressure on the skin)
• Additional blood tests

• Treatment :
• Treatment of SSSS usually requires hospitalization, as intravenous antibiotics
are generally necessary to eradicate the staphylococcal infection. A
penicillinase-resistant, anti-staphylococcal antibiotic such as flucloxacillin is
used. Other antibiotics include nafcillin, oxacillin, cephalosporin and
clindamycin
•Scarlet Fever
• is a bacterial illness that develops in some people who have strep
throat. Also known as scarlatina, scarlet fever features a bright red
rash that covers most of the body. Scarlet fever is almost always
accompanied by a sore throat and a high fever.

• Causative Agent :
• is caused by a toxin released by the bacteria Streptococcus
pyogenes (S. pyrogenes), the same organism that causes strep
throat. A small percentage of patients with strep infections, such
as strep throat or impetigo, develop scarlet fever.
• Incubation Period :
• The symptoms of scarlet fever usually develop two to five days after
infection, although the incubation period (the period between
exposure to the infection and symptoms appearing) can be as short
as one day or as long as seven days. The rash feels like sandpaper to
touch and it may be itchy

• Mode of Transmission :
• is caused by the same type of bacteria that cause strep throat. In
scarlet fever, the bacteria release a toxin that produces the rash and
red tongue. The infection spreads from person to person via droplets
expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

• Vaccine :
• no vaccine
• Signs and Symptoms :
• Fever of 101 F (38.3 C) or higher, often with chills.
• Verysore and red throat, sometimes with white or yellowish
patches.
• Difficulty swallowing.
• Enlarged glands in the neck (lymph nodes) that are tender to the
touch.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Headache.

• Diagnosis :
•.A doctor can normally diagnose scarlet fever by looking at the
signs and symptoms. A throat swab may help determine which
bacteria caused the infection. Sometimes a blood test is also
ordered.Oct 12, 2017
• Treatment :
• The treatment for scarlet fever is antibiotics that are effective
against GABHS. Usually about 10 days of an oral penicillin
medication (for example, amoxicillin) is effective early treatment.
Rarely, some patients may need to be treated with a single
injection of penicillin G benzathine (Bicillin L-A).
•Necrotizing Fascilitis
• commonly known as flesh-eating disease, is an infection that
results in the death of parts of the body's soft tissue. It is a severe
disease of sudden onset that spreads rapidly. Symptoms include
red or purple skin in the affected area, severe pain, fever, and
vomiting.
• Causative agent :
• (commonly known as "flesh-eating infection") can be caused by
more than one type of bacteria. These include Group A
Streptococcus, Vibrio vulnificus, Klebsiella, Clostridium, Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila.
• Incubation period :
• Thesymptoms of necrotizing fasciitis usually occur within the first
24 hours of infection.

• Mode of transmission :
• Thebacteria that cause necrotizing fasciitis can be passed from
person to person through close contact, such as touching the
wound of the infected person. But this rarely happens unless the
person who is exposed to the bacteria has an open wound,
chickenpox, or an impaired immune system.

• Vaccine :
• No vaccine
• Signs and symptoms :
• The early stage of necrotizing fasciitis is characterized by
symptoms of redness, swelling, and pain in the affected area.
Blisters may be seen in the involved area of skin. Fever, nausea,
vomiting, and other flu-like symptoms are common

• Diagnosis :
• Inaddition to looking at the injury or infection, doctors can
diagnose necrotizing fasciitis by: Taking a tissue sample (biopsy)
Looking at blood work for signs of infection and muscle damage.
Imaging (CT scan, MRI, ultrasound) of the damaged area.
• Treatment :
• Intravenous antibiotic therapy.
• Surgeryto remove damaged or dead tissue in order to stop the
spread of infection.
• Medications to raise blood pressure.
• Amputations of affected limbs, in some cases.
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be recommended to preserve
healthy tissue.
Erysipelas
is a superficial form of cellulitis, a potentially serious bacterial
infection affecting the skin. Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and
extends into the superficial cutaneous lymphatics. It is also known
as St Anthony's fire due to the intense rash associated with it.
Causative agent
Most cases of erysipelas are due to Streptococcus pyogenes (also
known as beta-hemolytic group A streptococci), although non-group
A streptococci can also be the causative agent. Beta-hemolytic, non-
group A streptococci include Streptococcus agalactiae, also known
as group B strep or GBS.
• Incubation Period :
• Strains
of erysipelas vary in their capacity to produce disease,
ranging from very mild to very severe. The incubation period is 24
to 48 hours

• Mode of transmission :
• Erysipelasbacteria infect pigs orally via the gut and tonsil in most
cases but can penetrate skin through abrasions. Infected animals
shed the organism in faeces and urine and infection may be
transmitted directly from pig to pig, particularly within a pen or
along a drainage channel.

• Vaccine :
• No vaccine
• Signs and symptoms :
• fever.

• chills.

• generally feeling unwell.

•a red, swollen, and painful area of skin with a raised edge.
• blisters on the affected area.
• swollen glands

• Diagnosis :
• Diagnosis. Share on Pinterest A blood test can reveal raised levels
of white blood cells, which can indicate damage caused by an
infection. In general, a doctor will be able to diagnose erysipelas by
the appearance and symptoms of the affected area.
• Treatment :
• Antibiotics,
such as penicillin, are the most common treatment for
erysipelas. You may be able to take an oral prescription at home if
you have a mild case of erysipelas. You'll likely have to take
medications for about one week
Viral
•Chicken Pox
• Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It
causes an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters. Chickenpox is
highly contagious to people who haven't had the disease or been
vaccinated against it.

• Causative agent :
• The causative agent is called human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3) or
varicella zoster virus (VZV).
• Incubation Period :
• The average incubation period for varicella is 14 to 16 days after
exposure to a varicella or a herpes zoster rash, with a range of 10
to 21 days. A mild prodrome of fever and malaise may occur 1 to 2
days before rash onset, particularly in adults. In children, the rash
is often the first sign of disease

• Mode of infection :
• Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease. It is transmitted from
person to person by direct contact (touching the rash), droplet or
air born spread (coughing and sneezing) of vesicle fluid or
secretions of the respiratory tract of cases or of vesicle fluid of
patients with herpes Zoster.
• Vaccine :
• Varicella
vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine
that protects against chickenpox. One dose of vaccine prevents
95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses
of vaccine are more effective than one.

• Signs and symptoms :

• Hightemperature (fever), aches and headache often start a day or
so before a rash appears.
• Spots (rash). Spots appear in crops. They develop into small
blisters and are itchy. They can be anywhere on the body. Several
crops may develop over several days. ...
• Loss of appetite or feeding problems.
• Diagnosis :
• Chickenpox is generally diagnose based on the rash. If there's any
doubt about the diagnosis, chickenpox can be confirmed with
laboratory tests, including blood tests or a culture of lesion
samples.

• Treatment :
• Thereis no specific treatment for chickenpox, but there are
pharmacy remedies that can alleviate symptoms. These include
paracetamol to relieve fever, and calamine lotion and cooling gels
to ease itching. In most children, the blisters crust up and fall off
naturally within one to two weeks.
•German measles
• alsoknown as rubella, is a viral infection that causes a red rash on
the body. Aside from the rash, people with German measles usually
have a fever and swollen lymph nodes. The infection can spread
from person to person through contact with droplets from an
infected person's sneeze or cough.
• Causative agent :
• Thedisease is caused by rubella virus, a togavirus that is
enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA genome. The virus is
transmitted by the respiratory route and replicates in the
nasopharynx and lymph nodes. The virus is found in the blood 5 to
7 days after infection and spreads throughout the body.
• Incubation Period :
• The average incubation period of rubella virus is 17 days, with a range of 12
to 23 days. People infected with rubella are most contagious when the rash
is erupting, but they can be contagious from 7 days before to 7 days after
the rash appears.

• Mode of transmission :
• Rubellais spread by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected
individuals. Rubella can also be transmitted by breathing in droplets that are
sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks.

• Vaccine :
• Rubellacan be prevented with MMR vaccine. This protects against three
diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. CDC recommends children get two
doses of MMR vaccine, starting with the first dose at 12 through 15 months
of age, and the second dose at 4 through 6 years of age.
• Signs and symptoms :
• pink
or red rash that begins on the face and then spreads
downward to the rest of the body.
• mild fever, usually under 102°F.
• swollen and tender lymph nodes.
• runny or stuffy nose.
• headache.

• muscle pain.
• inflamed or red eyes.
• Diagnosis :
• Sodoctors usually confirm rubella with the help of laboratory tests.
You may have a virus culture or a blood test, which can detect the
presence of different types of rubella antibodies in your blood.
These antibodies indicate whether you've had a recent or past
infection or a rubella vaccine.

• Treatment :
• Thereis no effective antiviral treatment for rubella. Treatment of
symptoms includes plenty of fluids and pain relief if required.
Paracetamol may be used to reduce fever and pain. Aspirin should
not be given to children under 12 years of age unless specifically
recommended by a doctor
•Measles
• is an acute viral respiratory illness. It is characterized by a
prodrome of fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough, coryza,
and conjunctivitis -the three “C”s -, a pathognomonic enanthema
(Koplik spots) followed by a maculo papular rash . The rash usually
appears about 14 days after a person is exposed.

• Causative agent :
• is a respiratory infection known as 'morbillivirus'. This highly
contagious disease is spread by droplets in the air or by direct
contact.
• Incubation Period :
• Measlesvirus is shed from the nasopharynx beginning with the
prodrome until 3–4 days after rash onset. The incubation period of
measles, from exposure to prodrome, averages 10–12 days. From
exposure to rash onset averages 14 days (range, 7–21 days). The
prodrome lasts 2–4 days (range 1–7 days).

• Mode of transmission :
• Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases; up
to 9 out of 10 susceptible persons with close contact to a measles
patient will develop measles. The virus is transmitted by direct
contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an
infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes.
• Vaccine :
• Measles can be prevented with MMR vaccine. The vaccine protects against
three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. CDC recommends children
get two doses of MMR vaccine, starting with the first dose at 12 through 15
months of age, and the second dose at 4 through 6 years of age.

• Signs and Symptoms :

• Fever.

• Dry cough.
• Runny nose.
• Sore throat.
• Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
• Tiny
white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside
the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots.
• Diagnosis :
• Doctorscan confirm measles by examining your skin rash and
checking for symptoms that are characteristic of the disease, such
as white spots in the mouth, fever, cough, and sore throat.

• Treatment :
• Medications. Fever reducers. You or your child may also take over-
the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others),
ibuprofen (Advil, Children's Motrin, others) or naproxen (Aleve) to
help relieve the fever that accompanies measles. Don't give aspirin
to children or teenagers who have measles symptoms.
•Small Pox
• was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants,
Variola major and Variola minor. The last naturally occurring case
was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization
(WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980.
• Causative agent :
• The Variola virus, which is the most virulent member of Genus
Orthopoxvirus, is the causative agent of smallpox. It specifically
infects humans. The primary reason for infection in humans is due
to its ability to evade the host immune responses, and avoid
complement activation.
• Incubation Period :
• The virus which causes smallpox is contagious and spreads
through person-to- person contact and saliva droplets in an
infected person's breath. It has an incubation period of between 7
and 17 days after exposure and only becomes infectious once the
fever develops. A distinctive rash appears two to three days later.

• Mode of transmission :
• Variolavirus is most frequently transmitted from an infectious
person via direct deposition of large, infective airborne droplets of
saliva onto the nasal, oral or pharyngeal mucosal membranes,
during close, face-to-face contact with a susceptible individual.
• Vaccine :
• Thesmallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first
successful vaccine to be developed. He observed that milkmaids who
previously had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox and showed that
inoculated vaccinia protected against inoculated variola virus.

• Signs and Symptoms :

• sudden onset of high fever which may be recurrent.
• malaise (general feeling of unwellness)
• widespread skin rash – flat spots which change into raised bumps then firm
fluid filled blisters which then scab (see image)
• severe headache.
• backache.

• abdominal pain.
• vomiting.

• diarrhoea.
• Diagnosis :
• Thedisease can be definitively diagnosed by isolation of the virus
from the blood or lesions, or by identification of antibodies in the
blood made in response to the virus. The diagnosis of smallpox is
made in specialized laboratories with appropriate testing
techniques and measures to protect the laboratory workers.

• Treatment :
• Antiviral Drugs
• InJuly 2018, the FDA approved tecovirimat (TPOXX) for treatment
of smallpox. In laboratory tests, tecovirimat has been shown to be
effective against the virus that causes smallpox.
• In
laboratory tests, cidofovir and brincidofovir have been shown to
be effective against the virus that causes smallpox.
•Warts
• are small, grainy skin growths that occur most often on your
fingers or hands. Rough to the touch, common warts also often
feature a pattern of tiny black dots, which are small, clotted blood
vessels.

• Causative agent :
• Warts are small growths on the skin caused by a virus known as
human papillomavirus (HPV).
• Incubation Period :
•2 to 3 months, with a range of 1 to 20 months for genital warts. It can
take up to 10 years for a high-risk HPV infection to develop into cancer.

• Mode of transmission :
• Transmission: Warts are transmitted by direct contact or indirect
contact (e.g., public showers or swimming pool areas). They can be
transmitted to one's self or others. Picking or scratching at warts can
increase the risk of transmission.

• Vaccine :
• Thehuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is intended to prevent people
from getting infected with the virus, but in some cases, it may actually
work as a treatment, clearing warts in people who are already infected,
a new report suggests.
• Signs and symptoms :
• Small, fleshy, grainy bumps.
• Flesh-colored, white, pink or tan.
• Rough to the touch.
• Sprinkled with black pinpoints, which are small, clotted blood
vessels.

• Diagnosis :
• Examining the wart.
• Scrapingoff the top layer of the wart to check for signs of dark,
pinpoint dots — clotted blood vessels — which are common with
warts.
• Removing a small section of the wart (shave biopsy) and sending it
to a laboratory for analysis to rule out other types of skin growths.
• Treatment :
• Stronger peeling medicine (salicylic acid). Prescription-strength
wart medications with salicylic acid work by removing layers of a
wart a little bit at a time. ...
• Freezing(cryotherapy). Freezing therapy done at a doctor's office
involves applying liquid nitrogen to your wart. ...
• Other acids. ...
• Minor surgery. ...
• Laser treatment.
Fungal
•Superficial mycoses
• Superficial(or cutaneous) mycoses are fungal diseases that are
confined to the outer layers of the skin, nail, or hair, (keratinized
layers), rarely invading the deeper tissue or viscera, without
inducing a cellular response from the host.
• Causative agent :
• Theyare caused by filamentous fungi of the genera Trichophyton,
Microsporum and Epidermophyton spp. Malassezia species are
commensal yeasts on normal skin, but under certain conditions
can cause human disease such as pityriasis versicolor.
• Incubation Period :
• Infectionsare most common in post pubertal hosts, except for
tinea capitis which is more common in children with an incubation
period of typically 1 to 3 weeks.

• Mode of transmission :
• The fungi invade only the dead, cornified layers of the skin, nails
and hair. Most of the resulting pathology is caused by the host's
reaction to the infecting fungus. ... During colonization the surface
of the tissue is infected with a fungal spore and invasion begins.

• Vaccine :
• No Vaccine
• Signs and symptoms :
• Premycotic phase: A scaly, red rash in areas of the body that
usually are not exposed to the sun. This rash does not cause
symptoms and may last for months or years. It is hard to diagnose
the rash as mycosis fungoides during this phase.
• Patch phase: Thin, reddened, eczema-like rash.
• Plaquephase: Small raised bumps (papules) or hardened lesions
on the skin, which may be reddened.
• Tumor phase: Tumors form on the skin. These tumors may develop
ulcers and the skin may get infected.
• Diagnosis :
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
• Superficialand cutaneous mycoses may be identified by
microscopic analysis, either by analysis of wet skin scrapings or by
visualization after staining.

• Treatment :
• KETOCONAZOLE. First broad-spectrum antifungal drug
administered orally. Topically, it is indicated in all superficial
mycoses and seborrheic dermatitis. Oral treatment should be
reserved for cases of extensive, severe or recalcitrant disease or if
there was a previous failure with topical treatment.
•Cutaneous mycoses
• These are superficial fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails. No
living tissue is invaded, however a variety of pathological changes
occur in the host because of the presence of the infectious agent
and its metabolic products
• Causative agent :
• Cutaneous Mycoses may be classified as dermatophytoses or
dermatomycoses. Dermatophytoses are caused by the agents of
the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton.
Dermatomycoses are cutaneous infections due to other fungi, the
most common of which are Candida spp.
• Incubation Period :
• verrucosum,and T. equinum occur worldwide. Infections are most
common in postpubertal hosts, except for tinea capitis which is
more common in children with an incubation period of typically 1
to 3 weeks.

• Mode of Transmission :
• They are spread from infected persons by direct contact.
Microsporum is also spread from animals such as dogs and cats. ...
Dermatophytoses (tinea, ringworm) are chronic infections often
located in the warm, humid areas of the body (e.g., athlete's foot.
• Vaccine :
• No Vaccine

• Signs and symptoms :

• Symptoms may be absent or include burning or dryness of the
mouth, loss of taste, and pain on swallowing. 2. Cutaneous
candidiasis: including intertrigo, diaper candidiasis, paronychia and
onychomycosis.

• Diagnosis :
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
• Superficialand cutaneous mycoses may be identified by
microscopic analysis, either by analysis of wet skin scrapings or by
visualization after staining.
• Treatment :
• The main groups of systemic antifungal agents normally used for
treating superficial and cutaneous mycoses are imidazole
(Ketoconazole), triazole (fluconazole and itraconazole) and
alilamine (terbinafine).
Parasitic

•Filariasis
• Filariasis
is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with
roundworms of the Filarioidea type. These are spread by blood-
feeding insects such as black flies and mosquitoes. They belong to
the group of diseases called helminthiases. Eight known filarial
worms have humans as a definitive hosts.
• Causative agent :
• Lymphaticfilariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti,
Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. These worms occupy the
lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes; in chronic cases,
these worms lead to the syndrome of elephantiasis.
• Incubation Period :
• The incubation period for filariasis is between 9 and 12 months.
Half of infected individuals in endemic areas develop the
asymptomatic form of the disease, and, despite being healthy,
they have microfilaria in their blood.

• Mode of transmission :
• The disease spreads from person to person by mosquito bites.
When a mosquito bites a person who has lymphatic filariasis,
microscopic worms circulating in the person's blood enter and
infect the mosquito. ... The adult worms mate and release millions
of microscopic worms, called microfilariae, into the blood.

• Vaccine:

• No vaccine
• Signs and symptoms :
• Fever.

• Inguinal or axillary lymphadenopathy.

• Testicular and/or inguinal pain.
• Skin exfoliation.
• Limbor genital swelling - Repeated episodes of inflammation and
lymphedema lead to lymphatic damage, chronic swelling, and
elephantiasis of the legs, arms, scrotum, vulva, and breasts.

• Diagnosis :
• Diagnosis. The standard method for diagnosing active infection is the
identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic
examination. ... Patients with active filarial infection typically have
elevated levels of antifilarial IgG4 in the blood and these can be
detected using routine assays.
• Treatment :
• Themain goal of treatment of an infected person is to kill the adult
worm. Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), which is both
microfilaricidal and active against the adult worm, is the drug of
choice for lymphatic filariasis. The late phase of chronic disease is
not affected by chemotherapy.
•Hook worm
• Hookworm infection is an infection by a type of intestinal parasite
known as a hookworm. Initially, itching and a rash may occur at
the site of infection. Those only affected by a few worms may show
no symptoms. Those infected by many worms may experience
abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and tiredness.
• Causative agent :
• Background. Human hookworm disease is a common helminth
infection that is predominantly caused by the nematode parasites
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale; organisms that
play a lesser role include Ancylostoma ceylonicum, Ancylostoma
braziliense, and Ancylostoma caninum.
• Incubation Period :
• Theincubation period for cutaneous larva migrans is short but
vaguely established; according to some estimates, it is
approximately 1 to 2 weeks. The incubation period for intestinal
hookworm disease varies with the number of parasites and can be
a few weeks to many months.

• Mode of Transmission :
• Hookworm eggs are passed in the feces of an infected person. If an
infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or
field) or if the feces from an infected person are used as fertilizer,
eggs are deposited on soil. ... Hookworm infection is transmitted
primarily by walking barefoot on contaminated soil.
• Vaccine :
• No Vaccine

• Signs And Symptoms :

• abdominal pain.
• colic, or cramping and excessive crying in infants.
• intestinal cramps.
• nausea.

•a fever.
• blood in your stool.
•a loss of appetite.
• itchy rash.
• Diagnosis :
• Hookworm infection is diagnosed by identifying hookworm eggs in
a sample of stool. Stool should be examined within several hours
after defecation. Eosinophilia is often present in people infected
with hookworm

• Treatment :
• Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic
worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of
choice for treatment of hookworm infections. Infections are
generally treated for 1-3 days. The recommended medications are
effective and appear to have few side effects. :
•Dermatitis
• Isa common condition that has many causes and occurs in many
forms. It usually involves itchy, dry skin or a rash on swollen,
reddened skin. Or it may cause the skin to blister, ooze, crust or
flake off. Examples of this condition are atopic dermatitis (eczema),
dandruff and contact dermatitis.

• Causative agent :
• Staphylococcus
Aureus As A Causative Agent Of Atopic Dermatitis/
Eczema Syndrome (ADES ) And Its Therapeutic Implications.
• Incubation Period :
• The incubation period between exposure and the onset of
symptoms is minutes to hours so that the patient usually is aware
of the identity of the causal substance. Allergic contact dermatitis
is much more difficult to diagnose.

• Mode of Transmission :
• irritant dermatitis often occurs on the hands of people who
frequently get them wet. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs upon
exposure to an allergen, causing a hypersensitivity reaction in the
skin. ... Antibiotics may be required if there are signs of skin
infection.

• Vaccine :
• No Vaccine
• Signs And Symptoms :
•A red rash.
• Itching, which may be severe.
• Dry, cracked, scaly skin.
• Bumps and blisters, sometimes with oozing and crusting.
• Swelling, burning or tenderness.

• Diagnosis :
• Nolab test is needed to identify atopic dermatitis (eczema). Your
doctor will likely make a diagnosis by examining your skin and
reviewing your medical history. He or she may also use patch
testing or other tests to rule out other skin diseases or identify
conditions that accompany your eczema.
• Treatment :
• Toreduce inflammation and heal the irritation of most types of
dermatitis, a doctor usually recommends a prescription
corticosteroid cream and might prescribe an oral antihistamine to
relieve severe itching. You may need an antibiotic if a secondary
infection develops.
•Onchocerciasis
• also known as river blindness, is a disease caused by infection
with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. Symptoms include
severe itching, bumps under the skin, and blindness. It is the
second-most common cause of blindness due to infection, after
trachoma.
• Causative agent :
• Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a parasitic disease caused by
the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus. It is transmitted through the
bite of infected black flies of the genus Simulium, which carry the
immature larval form of O. volvulus (known as microfilaria).
• Incubation Period :
• The incubation varies from host to host and by the amount of bites from
infected vectors. The generally accepted incubation period ranges from
3 months-2 years. This is considered the time from initial infection to
the time that the mature filariae produce larvae.

• Mode of Transmission :
• The disease spreads by the bite of an infectious blackfly. When a
blackfly bites a person who has onchocerciasis, microscopic worm
larvae (called microfilariae) in the infected person's skin are ingested by
the blackfly. The larvae develop over approximately one week in the fly
to a stage that is infectious to humans.

• Vaccine :
• No Vaccine
• Signs and Symptoms :
• Skin inflammation that is very itchy and forms papules on the skin
• Nodules in the skin (subcutaneous nodules or bumps)
• Scarred, saggy, or drooping areas of skin
• Patchy skin depigmentation (leopard skin)
• Lymph node inflammation (lymphadenitis)
• Eye (ocular) lesions (eye itching, redness, or swelling)
• Visualproblems (visual impairment and/or inability to distinguish
certain colors, partial or complete blindness)
• Eosinophilia (unusually high levels of eosinophils in the blood)
• "Sowda" is a term used to describe the severe itching and skin
discoloration (darkening), that is often confined to one limb, that
can be found with onchocerciasis.
• Diagnosis :
• Diagnosis. The gold standard test for the diagnosis of
onchocerciasis remains the skin snip biopsy. The biopsy is
performed using a sclerocorneal biopsy punch or by elevating a
small cone of skin (3 mm in diameter) with a needle and shaving it
off with a scalpel. This will result in the removal of around 2 mg of
tissue .

• Treatment :
• The treatment for onchocerciasis is ivermectin (Mectizan®).
Ivermectin paralyses and kills microfilariae, relieving intense skin
itching and halting the progression towards blindness. It also
prevents adult worms from producing more microfilariae for a few
months following treatment, so reduces transmission.