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Gen Math Logical Connectors

GENERAL MATHEMATICS LOGICAL CONNECTORS

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Anjelyn Edjoc Ramos
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168 views

Gen Math Logical Connectors

GENERAL MATHEMATICS LOGICAL CONNECTORS

Uploaded by

Anjelyn Edjoc Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logical

Operators
ANJELYN E. RAMOS
Negation Defined
The Negation of a proposition p is
denoted by ~p which is read as “not
p”, and is defined through its truth
table
Example 1
State the negation of each of the following

𝑛1: Quality determines the price.


propositions.

𝑛2: A learned is one who is educated.


𝑛3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 is a cubic function.
𝑛4: An obtuse angle measures 180°.
𝑛5: A curve is the shortest distance between
two points
Solution:
~𝑛1: It is not true that quality determines the price

~𝑛1: Quality does not determine the price.


or

~𝑛2: A learned is not one who is educated.


~𝑛3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 is not a cubic function or
~𝑛3: It is not true that f(x) = x2 is a cubic

~𝑛4: An obtuse angle does not measure 180° or


function.

~𝑛4: An obtuse angle measures greater than


180°.
Conjunction Defined
Another logical operator is

and q which is denoted by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 and


Conjunction of the propositions p

read as “p and q”, and is defined


through its
truth table
Proposition p and q are

The conjunction 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 is
called Conjuncts.

true only when both


conjuncts p and q are true.
Example 2
Express the conjunctions in
verbal sentences or in symbols.
Let d and e be propositions.
d: Leniency is long-suffering.
e: Those who misunderstand
1. 𝑑 ∧ 𝑒
2. ~𝑑 ∧ 𝑒
3. “Leniency is long-suffering and it is
not
true that those who misunderstand
it
abuse it.”
4. “Leniency is not long-suffering and
Answers:
1. Leniency is long-suffering and
those
who misunderstand it abuse it.
2. Leniency is not long-suffering and
those who misunderstand it abuse

3. 𝑑 ∧ (~𝑒)
it.
Example 3
Let r, s and t be propositions.
r: There is a profit in physical
exercise.
s: It is best to exercise holiness.
t: A person must be holistically fit.
Express the conjunctions below in verbal
sentences or in symbols.
1. There is a profit in physical exercise and it is
best to exercise holiness.
2. There is no profit in physical exercise and a

3. 𝑟 ∧ ~𝑡
person must be holistically fit.

4. ~𝑟 ∧ 𝑠
Answers:
1. 𝑟 ∧ 𝑠
2. ~𝑟 ∧ 𝑡
3. There is a profit in physical exercise and it is
not true that a person must be holistically
fit.
4. There is no profit in physical exercise and it
is best to exercise holiness.
Disjunction Defined

p and q is denoted by p V 𝑞
The Disjunction of propositions

which read as “𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞”, and


defined through its truth table.
Propositions p and q are each

The disjunction p ∨ 𝑞 is false


called Disjuncts.

only when both disjuncts p


and q are false.
Let t, u and y be propositions.
t: He is an old soul.
u: Old songs soothe his ears.
y: Old fashion is inviting to his
Express the disjunctions below in

1. 𝑢 ∨ 𝑦
verbal sentences or in symbols.

2. (~𝑡 ^ (~𝑢)) ∨ 𝑦
Answers:
1. Old songs soothe his ears or old
fashion is inviting to his eyes.
2. Either he is not an old soul and old
songs do not soothe his ears or old
fashion is inviting to his eyes.
Express the disjunctions below in verbal
sentences or in symbols.
3. “Either he is an old soul or old songs
soothe his ears and old fashion is inviting to
his eyes.”
4. “He is not an old soul and either old
fashion is not inviting to his eyes or old songs
soothe his ears.”
Answers:

3. 𝑡 ∨ (𝑢 ∧ 𝑦)
4. ~𝑡 ∧ (~𝑦 ∨ 𝑢)
Example 5
Let j, k, l and m be propositions.
j: Laughter is the best
medicine.
k: Grief causes illness.
l: Prayer relieves pain.
m: God takes charge of worries.
Express the disjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.
1. It is either God takes charge of
worries and laughter is the best
medicine or prayer relieves pain.
2. Laughter is not the best medicine
and God takes charge of worries or
prayer relieves pain.
1. (𝑚 ∧ 𝑗) ∨ 𝑙
Answers:

2. ~𝑗 ∧ 𝑚 ∨ 𝑙
3. 𝑗 ∨ 𝑙
Express the disjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.

4. (𝑗 ∧ 𝑘) ∨ (𝑙 ∧ 𝑚)
5. (~𝑘 ∧ ~𝑗) ∨ (𝑙 ∧ 𝑚)
Answers:
3. Laughter is the best medicine or
prayer relieves pain.
4. It is either laughter is the best
medicine and grief causes illness or
prayer relieves pain and God takes
charge of worries.
Answers:
5. Either grief does not cause illness
and laughter is not the best
medicine or prayer relieves pain and
God takes charge of worries.
Conditional

p and q is denoted by 𝑝 → 𝑞
The Conditional of propositions

which read as “if p, then q” or “p


implies q”.
Proposition p is called
a Hypothesis, while
proposition q is called
Conclusion.
Example 6
Let x, y and z be propositions.
x: Dioxins are found almost everywhere.
y: Plastics, bleached paper and most
commodities contain the chemical
dioxin.
z: Dioxins are culprits to many diseases.
Express the conditionals below in
verbal sentences or in symbols, as

1. 𝑥 → 𝑧
the case may be.

2. (~𝑦) → (~𝑥 ∧ ~𝑧)


Answers:
1. If dioxins are found almost everywhere,
then they are culprits to many diseases.
2. If plastics, bleached paper and most
commodities do not contain the chemical
dioxin, then it is not true that dioxins are
found almost everywhere and it is not true
that dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.
Express the conditionals below in verbal sentences or in
symbols, as the case may be.
3. “If dioxins are culprits to many diseases, then they
are found almost everywhere and plastics, bleached
paper and most commodities contain this chemical.”

4. “If dioxins are not found almost everywhere, then


it is not true that either plastics, bleached paper and
most commodities containing this chemical, or
dioxins are the culprits to many diseases.”
Answers:
3. 𝑧 → (𝑥 ∧ 𝑦)
4. (~𝑥) → ~(𝑦 ∨ 𝑧)
Example 7
Let f, g and h be propositions.
f: Parabens are harmful to the body.
g: Parabens are found in many
products we use.
h: Parabens can affect health.
1. 𝑓 → ℎ
Express the conditionals below in verbal
sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.

2. (~𝑔 ∧ ~𝑓) → (~ℎ)


Answers:
1. If parabens are harmful to the body,
then they can affect health.
2. If parabens are not found in many
products we use and if they are not
harmful to the body, then parabens
cannot affect health.
Express the conditionals below in verbal
sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
3. If parabens are harmful to the body
and are found in many products we
use, then they can affect health.
4. If parabens cannot affect health or they
are not found in many products we use,
then they are not harmful to the body.
3. (𝑓 ∧ 𝑔) → ℎ
Answers:

4. (~ℎ ∨∼𝑔) → ~𝑓
Biconditional
The last logical proposition that we

denoted by “𝑝 ↔ 𝑞” or “p iff q”
shall consider is Biconditional. This is

given propositions or Components p


and q and it is read as “p if and only if
q”.
Example 8
Let g, h and i be propositions.
g: Only physically handicapped individuals can be
called persons with disabilities.
h: Psychosocially disabled persons like those with
chronic illnesses can also avail PWD ID.
i: There are numerous benefits which come along

with owning a PWD ID.


j: Knowledge of the wide extent of who a PWD has
Express the biconditionals below in verbal

1. (~𝑔 ↔ ℎ) ∧ (𝑗 → 𝑖)
sentences or in symbols.

2. (𝑔 ∧ (~ℎ)) ↔ (~𝑗)
Answers:
1. Not only physically handicapped individuals can be called
persons with disability if and only if psychosocially disabled
persons like those with chronic illnesses can also avail PWD ID,
and if knowledge on the wide extent of who a PWD has yet to
be spread, then there are numerous benefits which come
along with owning a PWD ID.
Answers:
2. Only physically handicapped individuals can
be called persons with disabilities and
psychosocially disabled persons like those with
chronic illnesses cannot avail PWD ID if and
only if it is not true that knowledge on the wide
extent of who a PWD is has yet to be spread.
Express the biconditionals below in verbal
sentences or in symbols.
3. “Knowledge of the wide extent of who
a PWD is has yet to be spread if and only
if not only physically handicapped
individuals can be called persons with
disability.”
3. 𝑗 ↔ (~𝑔)
Answers:
Activity 1.1
Let a, b, c and d be propositions.
a: You are what you eat.
b: Your food can describe your health.
c: By nature, human is designed to eat meat.
d: A person should eat healthy food.
Express the following logical symbols

1. (~𝑐) ∧ (𝑏 ↔ 𝑎)
into verbal sentences.

2. (𝑎 ∨ 𝑏) → 𝑑
3. ~𝑑 ↔ (~𝑎 ∧ ~𝑏)
Activity 1.2
Let d, e, f and g be propositions.
d: There is wisdom in spending on needs.
e: It makes sense to think at least twice before

giving in for wants.


f: A good planner saves first before spending.
g: A shopaholic should learn self-control.
Express the following propositions in symbols.
1. If a good planner saves first before spending, then there is
wisdom in spending on needs and it makes sense to think at
least twice before giving in for wants.
2. A shopaholic should not learn self-control if and only if a
good planner does not save first before spending and it does
not make sense to think at least twice before giving in for
wants.
3. There is wisdom in spending on needs or a shopaholic
should not learn self_x0002_control.
Assessment: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. It is a logical operator which uses


the symbol “v”.
a. negation c.
disjunction
Assessment: Choose the letter of the best answer.

2. Which logical operator uses the


connector “and”?
a. negation c.
disjunction
Assessment: Choose the letter of the best answer.

3. Which denotes negation?

a. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 c. ~𝑝
b. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 d. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞
4. Which denotes
biconditional?

a. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 c. ~𝑝
b. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 d. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞
5. Which denotes disjunction?

a. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 c. ~𝑝
b. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 d. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞
For numbers 6 to 10, identify the logical
operator used in each compound proposition.
6. Competence is not confidence.
a. conditional c.
negation
For numbers 6 to 10, identify the logical
operator used in each compound proposition.
7. You should be wise as a serpent

and modest as a dove.


a. conditional c. negation
b. disjunction d.
For numbers 6 to 10, identify the logical
operator used in each compound proposition.
8. A great man either wins a game
with humility or loses a game as a
real man should.
a. biconditional c. negation
b. disjunction d. conjunction
For numbers 6 to 10, identify the logical
operator used in each compound proposition.
9. If a picture paints a thousand
words, then I must paint you.
a. biconditional c. conditional
b. disjunction d.
For numbers 6 to 10, identify the logical
operator used in each compound proposition.
10. Tatay Igo will eat dairy products if
and only if they are organic.
a. biconditional c. conditional
b. disjunction d. negation
For numbers 11 to 15, consider the
following propositions:
j: A soft answer turns away wrath.
k: A harsh word stirs up anger.
l: A wise man listens before
11. Which is the symbol for the
proposition “A soft answer turns away
wrath and a harsh word stirs up

a. ~𝑗 ∨ 𝑘 c. 𝑗 → 𝑘
anger”?

b. 𝑗 ∧ 𝑘 d. 𝑗 ↔
12. Which is the symbol for the
proposition “A wise man does

a. ∧ 𝑙
not listen before speaking?

b. ~𝑙 → 𝑙 d. ∨ 𝑙
c. ~𝑙
13. Which is the symbol for “If a soft
answer turns away wrath and a harsh
word stirs up anger, then a wise man
listens before speaking”?
a. (𝑗 ∧ 𝑘) → 𝑙 c. (𝑗 ∨ 𝑘) → 𝑙
b. (𝑗 ∧ 𝑘) ↔ 𝑙 d. (𝑗 ∨ 𝑘) ↔ 𝑙
14. Which is the verbal statement for ~𝑗 ∧ ~𝑘?
a. A soft answer does not turn away wrath or a
harsh word does not stir up anger.
b. A soft answer does not turn away wrath and a
harsh word does not stir up anger.
c. A soft answer turns away wrath and a harsh word
stirs up anger.
d. If a soft answer does not turn away wrath, then a
harsh word does not stir up anger.
15. Which is the verbal statement for 𝑗 → 𝑘?
a. A soft answer turns away wrath or a harsh word
stirs up anger.
b. A soft answer turns away wrath and a harsh
word does not stir up anger.
c. If a soft answer turns away wrath, then a harsh
word stirs up anger.
d. A soft answer turns away wrath and a harsh
word stirs up anger.

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