Functional
Grammar
The Clause as an
Exchange
Presented by: Tania Febiana & Gilang Fuady
Table of contents
The Clause as an
0
Exchange
1
0
The Mood Element
2
0 Residu
3
0
Mood Types
4
01
The Clause
as an
Exchange
In human interaction there are 4 main Exchange that
usually happen:
1. Offer (If speaker offers some goods or service.)
• Example: Do you want some coffee?
• Respond:
+(accept): Yes, please.
-(refuse): No, I just have had one
2. Statement (If speaker talk or state about
something.)
• Example: I think it will be rain
• Respond:
+(pro) : Yes, I think so.
-(contradict): I don't think so.
3. Command
If speaker demand or order you to do something .
Example: Can you pass me the sugar?
Respond:
+(undertake). There you are (pasing the sugar)
-(refuse): Sorry, but I can't reach it.
4. Question
If speaker ask some information.
Example: Do you know where Andy live?
Respond:
+(answer): In Trafalgar square
–(disclam): Sorry, but I don't know where he lives
02The Mood
Elements
Structure of the Mood
Mood = Subject + Finite
Example:
I didn’t
Who did?
Michael did
The Finite element is one of the small number of
verbal operators expressing tense, modality and
polarity.
Finite verbal operator
● Temporal
Past Present Future
Did, was Does, is Will, shall
Had, used has Would,
to should
● Model
Low Median High
Can, may Will, would Must, ought
Could, Is to, was to to need, has
might to, had to
Sometimes the Finite element and the lexical verb are fused.
This happens when the verbs is in:
• Simple past or simple present: ate = did eat; eats = does eat
• Active voice: they eat pizza = they do eat pizza vs pizza is eaten
• Passive polarity: they eat = they do eat vs they don’t eat
• Neutral contrast: go away = do go away.
This fusion of the Finite element and lexical verbs becomes
apparent in the Mood tag:
• A panda eats bamboo, doesn’t it?
• The orchestra played well, didn’t it?
• Pandas have big feet, don’t they?
In Declarative clauses, the subject is that element which is
picked up by the pronounce in the mood tag.
Subject It = panda
It = orchestra
They = pandas
0 Residu
3
The remainder of each clause, if there is a
remainder, is called the Residue.
Example:
•It wasn’t Michael
It Wasn’t Michael
Subject + Finite Residu
(Mood)
•I am writing this handout on my PC
I Am Writing This task On my PC
Subject
Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct
Mood
Residu
This clause (example b) displays a typical pattern of elements in the
Residue, namely: Predicator, Complement(s), and Adjunct(S).
1. Predicator
The predicator is the verb part of the clause, which tells what is
being done, is happening, or is stated in the subject.
There are three Predicator functions:
• It specifies time reference other than reference to the time of
the speech event, that is, secondary tense: past, present or
future relative to the primary tense.
• It specifies the voice: active or passive.
• It specifies the process (action, event, mental process, relation)
that is predicated of the Subject
2. Complement
The Complement answers the question ‘is/had what’, ‘to whom’, ‘did to
what’. Thus, in the examples provided above, the following items are
Complements: this have the potential to be Subject.
Example:
• I Am writing this task on my PC.
This task answers the question: did to (writing) what?
3. Adjunct
Circumtstantial Adjuncts answer the question ‘how’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘by
whom’.
• I Am writing this task on my PC.
On my PC are Adjunct, answering the question ‘where’.
04
Mood
Types
Declarative
Subject + Finite
Example: Gilang has finished his work
Interrogative
Finite + Subject
Example: Has Gilang finished his work?
Imperative
In Imperatives the Mood element may consist of Subject + Finite, Subject
only, Finite only, or they may have no Mood element. There will always be a
Predicator.
Example:
He will put it there (Subject + Finite)
He put it there (Subject)
Will put it there (Finite)
Put it there (No subject or finite)
Thanks!
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