Learning objectives

At the end of the lesson, the learners can:

l. Identify drama as genre and its elements;

II. Understand the different literary elements of drama; and
III. Create a character, setting, plot, and dialogue for a one-act play
 read it, act it!
Mechanics:

The students will check their own chairs

underneath. If their chairs have papers attached
on it, written the famous lines of their most
favorite movies of all time, they will read and
act that scenario in front of the class; if the
scene has two or more people, students can ask
their classmates to join them.
The best one who will act out of the five chosen
scenario, will going to receive a price.
barcelona: a love untold (201

Para sa mga mas nagmamahal:

"Huwag mo ‘kong mahalin dahil

mahal kita. Mahalin mo ako dahil
mahal mo ako, because that is what
I deserve."
- Kathryn Bernardo as Mia
 ONE MORE CHANCE
(2007)
Para sa mga nag-effort pero iniwan
pa rin:
"She loved me at my worst. You had
me at my best. At binalewala mo
ang lahat and you chose to break
my heart."
- John Lloyd Cruz as Popoy
 MY EXS AND WHYS (201

Para sa mga ipinagpalit:

"Am I not enough? May kulang ba

sa akin? May mali ba sa akin?
Pangit ba ako? Pangit ba ang
katawan ko? Kapalit-palit ba ako?"
- Liza Soberano as Callie
 STARTING OVER AGAIN
(2016)
Para sa mga na-ghosting:

"Anong karapatan mong hingin ang

bagay na ipinagdamot mong ibigay?
I deserved an explanation. I deserved an
acceptable reason."
- Piolo Pascual as Marco
 PAANO NA KAYA (2010)

Para sa mga na-fall sa kaibigan:

"Bogs, sana lumayo ka na lang...sana

umiwas ka na lang maiintindihan ko pa
yun.. pero Bogs shinota mo ako, e.
Shinota mo ang bestfriend mo."
- Kim Chui as Mae
GUESSING GAME!
ACTIVITY:
Before we go to our journey in this module, let us assess ourselves first by honestly
answering the following below. Write the letter and answer on your paper.

Directions: Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Write your answer before the number.

1. It is a person or an entity given the characteristics of a person who acts, speaks, narrates,
or is referred to in a literary work.
a. Plot b. Character c. Setting d. Dialogue
2. What is the primary and most significant component in a play?
a. Plot b. Character c. Setting d. Dialogue
3. It comes from the Greek word “dran” which means ________.
a. to do b. to perform c. to tell d. to portray
4. This is where a story takes place is also called its locale.
a. Auditory Imagery b. Gustatory Imagery c. Olfactory Imagery d. Tactile Imagery
5. What is the dramatic element that refers to the problems caused by the opposing
objectives.
a. Antagonist b. Backstory c. Conflict d. Plot
6. It is an actor’s speech delivery in the presence of other characters who do not
speak but listen.
a. Dialogue b. Monologue c. Soliloquy d. Aside
7. It is a sequence of events that “has a beginning, a middle, and an end”.
a. Setting b. Conflict c. Structure d. Plot
8. What is the dramatic element that refers to the events that happened in the past?
a. Backstory b. Throwback c. Foreshadowing d. Reversal
9. What do we call a person who writes a play?
a. Playwright b. Author c. Poet d. Scriptwriter
10. These are the clothing an accessory worn by actors to portray character and
period.
a. Clothes b. Makeup c. Costumes d. Props
11. This is the section of the plot following the climax, in which the tension from the story's
central conflict decreases and the story moves toward its conclusion.
a. Exposition b. Rising Action c. Falling Action d. Resolution
12. It refers to using similar concepts from an already existing literature and adapting it to
deepen the meaning or value of the newly created piece of work.
a. Contextuality b. Intertextuality c. Setting d. Props
13. The following are considerations in creating plausible characters EXCEPT
a. Gender b. Age c. School d. Politics
14. It refers to all things or characteristics that are discernible, such as shapes, colors and
textures, natural features and landscapes.
a. Sociological Environment b. Physical Environment c. Psychological Environment d. Emotiona
Environment
15. This is performance element refers to how an actor uses his or her voice to
convey character inflection or the change in pitch or loudness of the voice.
a. Speaking b. Acting c. Diction d. Vocal Expression
Questions:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. What have you noticed in the
activity?
3. Did you have any insight on what
will our topic for today?
 drama
“Drama” comes from a Greek word which means action.
It is a story told in dialogue by performers in front of an
audience. It is another word for a play. It is a portrayal of
true stories (non-fictional) or stories created through the
imagination (fictional). In the past, when modern movie
theaters or cinemas were not yet existing, theater plays
or dramas were very popular. A person who writes or
creates plays is known as a “playwright” or “dramatist”.
Shakespear, who wrote the famous play “Romeo and
Juliet”, is one of the most famous and successful
playwrights of all time. “Romeo and Juliet” is a sad or
tragic love story which ended in the death of the lovers
who are the main characters in the play. It is not just a
love story, it also presents important lessons about life
LITERARY ELEMENTS OF
DRAMA
■ a person or an entity given the characteristics of a person who acts,
speaks,
narrates, or is referred to in a literary work
■ may either be major or a minor character depending on the role
he/she plays in the story
Because of the grand scale of tragedies and comedies that have been
performed in the past, characters in drama have been traditionally
classified
as follows:
■ Hero or Heroine
-the main or leading character in the story who exhibits superior
qualities
-her/his conflict is also the play’s main conflict
-sometimes referred as the protagonist
■ Villain or Villainess
-a character who is often characterized as evil and always in opposition
to the hero(ine)
■ Antihero or Antiheroine
■ In modern drama, the classification of the characters is
more lifelike.
■ Creating characters in drama is always crucial to the
success of a play.
■ Motivation is the key to effective characterization. The
characters must have a strong motivation and a solid need or
desire that will propel them to take risks and do everything to
get what they earnestly yearn for.
■ A good play says something to humanity about humanity.
■ Love, death, family, the need to belong, the pain of
learning something, the passion of living one’s ambition, and
the fear of betrayal are all themes that resonate with the
audience, no matter where they come from.
■ The characters in your play must be fully developed, as
close to real people
as they can be.
The following are considerations in creating plausible characters:
o Gender – men and women react differently to certain issues and
events
o Class – people of the middle class speak a different lingo from
poor people
o Age – the elderly and the young do not have the same language
and expression
o Education – an educated person will have a dissimilar outlook or
view from an out-of-school person
o Relationships – people who are married or are in a committed
relationship usually behave and think differently from single and
uncommitted ones
o Work – people are governed by their work and earnings, their
actions are justified because of the nature of their occupation
o Race/Ethnicity – people of different upbringings make different
choices in given situations
o Politics – political beliefs can powerfully affect what a person opts
to do
 setting
■ refers to the place and time where and when an event happens
■ where a story takes place is also called its locale
■ with time, you tell your readers whether your story happens during daytime and nighttime; on
a sunny day or rainy morning; a few months ago or a hundred years ago
More than the place and the time, setting signifies a bigger environment or
surrounding.
Physical Environment
• refers to all things or characteristics that are discernible, such as shapes,
colors and textures, natural features and landscapes
• may also include smaller details such as the size of a room, an unmade and dirty bed, or a drop
of water on the floor
Sociological Environment
• refers to the cultural, economic, and political attributes of a place and its inhabitants
• reflects the inhabitants' understanding and experience of the world they live in
• their beliefs and attitudes about people and the roles they perform in society, the norms and
taboos as well as the dynamics and dimensions of culture and traditions
Psychological Environment
• refers to the “personality” of a place used as the setting
• for example: the old mansion is dreary; the neighborhood is cheerful; the one across town is
sleepy
 PLOT
■ a sequence of events that “has a beginning, a middle, and an
end”
■ a pattern of actions, events and situations
■ involves the sequence of events in a story, showing how time
moves, and is linked by patterns of cause and effect that lead to
certain developments which eventually bring out the resolution
■ gives shape to the different parts of a story just like the framing
of a house or the skeleton of the body
PLOT
dIAGRAM
EXPOSITION
■ the writer introduces the characters, situation, and usually the time and
place of the narrative
■ you can begin a story in media res (in the middle of things)
■ signifies that you have chosen a particular opening more than any other
RISING ACTION
■ Conflict
– an event or situation or circumstance that shakes up a stable situation
– a struggle between two opposing forces
– propels the evens of the story and raises the issues that must be solved
The body of a story contains the conflict, where the rising action is built to
introduce complications that are external or internal.
• External Conflict
• arises between the character and an outside force
o Man vs Nature – an external struggle which positions the protagonist
against an animal or force of nature
o Man vs Man – involves stories where characters are pitted against each
other
o Man vs Society – involve stories where man stands against a manmade
institution, such as the family, the Church, Universities, the government
and the mass media
• Internal Conflict
• arises within the character himself
o Man vs Self
- a struggle that involves a character trying to overcome his or her own
nature or make a choice between two or more paths
CLIMAX
■ the central moment of crisis in a plot
■ the point of greatest tension which initiates the falling action
■ an effective climax depends on a quick reversal of the situation from an
unexpected source
FALLING ACTION
■ the section of the plot following the climax, in which the tension from
the
story's central conflict decreases and the story moves toward its
conclusion
RESOLUTION or DENOUEMENT
■ the final part of the plot
■ the French term denouement refers to the “untying the knot”
■ makes the characters return to stable situation
■ a moment of insight, discovery, or revelation by which a character’s
life, or view of life, is greatly altered
■ may be close or open7
MOST FAMILIAR PLOTS
■ Love Triangle – a love story involving three people
■ Quest – unified around a group of characters on a journey
■ Transformation – a weak or physically unattractive character
changes radically in the course of the story
■ Initiation Story – the rite of passage or “coming of age” story
In the example below, the plot
structure of the movie “The Hows of
Us” is identified.
 DIALOGUE
■ the primary and most significant component in a play
■ the action of the play moves because of the dialogue
■ it is what the audience ultimately hears and sees in a performance
■ it is important that the dialogues sound like a natural conversation
■ since it is performative in nature, the tone of the play and the characters
are
revealed through the dialogues between the characters
■ a change in the character’s attitude or reactions, whether the character
gets
ecstatic or surprised can only be known only in the character’s dialogue
and relationship with other characters
■ Dramatic action defines the behavior and disposition of the characters in
establishing whether he/she is static (unchanging) or developing
(changing).
■ The audience can actually witness the characters onstage and see their
personality traits through their facial expressions, bearing and body
language.
Some pointers to consider in
writing a dialogue:
1. Characters should not talk perfectly.
• In reality, people do not speak in perfect English or Filipino.
• They also do not speak in complete sentences like a teacher would
require a student speak in front of a class.
• In Beth Henley’s Crimes of the Heart, some characters use
ungrammatical
sentences and incomplete expressions because they are not academic
persons.
2. Characters should not use clichés.
• Clichés like “honesty is the best policy” or “God is good” are trite
expressions.
• They make dialogues sound dull, uninspired, and meaningless.
3. Characters should not overuse character names.
• In real life, people do not address one another by always mentioning
their names because it sounds silly and irritating.
4. Characters should not overuse character names.
• Try to avoid having characters deliver kilometric lines without
interruption.
• In real life, people usually alternate remarks in communication
exchange, even cutting in one another.
5. Keep the agenda out of the dialogue.
• The theme of the play should be naturally conveyed to the
audience through the series of events happening in the play, and
not through the dialogues of the characters.
• If you have to reveal the theme in the dialogue, it means that
the play is not effective or working well as it should.
Directions: Study the script of the one-act play below entitled The
World is An Apple by Alberto S. Florentino. Identify the plot structure
by answering the questions below.

Think and write! Identify the plot of the play.

1. Exposition (What does the story begin?)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
2. Rising Action (How does the problem or conflict arise?)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Climax (What is the highest point of the story?)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Falling Action (What is done to resolve the conflict?)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Resolution/Denouement (How does the story end?)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
task for students
Directions: With your
pair, create a short
story applying the
literary elements of
drama.
Write your output in a 1
whole sheet of paper.
 assignment

In a one-whole sheet of yellow paper.

1. Write your own ‘dramatic’
personal experiences.
2. Include the literary elements of
drama that were discussed --
character, setting, plot, dialogue.