Practical Research

11th edition
Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod

Chapter 1

The Nature and

Tools of Research
Dr.Malek Algabri
[email protected]
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• Introduction: The Role and Importance of Research
• Say Hello to Research!
• What Research Is and What It Isn’t
• Different Types of Research
• Research is a cyclical process
• Hypothesis
• Assumption
• Tools of Research
• Communicating Effectively Through Writing
• Exploring Research in Your Field
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 Introduction: The Role and
Importance of Research
• Good ideas about research
• Purpose of research
• Types of research
• Research design
• Ways of carrying out research

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 Say Hello to Research!

• Steps of learning to be a researcher

 Develop an understanding of research process
 Prepare yourself to conduct research on your own
 Learn how to judge the quality of research
 Learn the value of research activities conducted
online
 Collect the type of data that relate to your area of
interest
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 Say Hello to Research!
• Researchers
 Understand what they study
 Find answers to important questions
 Collect evidence
 Evidence is used by next generation of researchers
 Evidence serves as basis for decisions

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 Research is not merely:

• Gathering information

• Rummaging around for hard-to-locate information

• Transporting facts from one location to another

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 Research is:
• Can be diverse
• General definition is “finding answers to questions in
an organized and logical and systematic fashion”
• A systematic process of
 Collecting
 Analyzing
 Interpreting information (data)
Goal: increase understanding of a phenomenon about which
we are interested or concerned
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 What is Research?

• A systematic means of problem solving

• 5 key characteristics:
1. Systematic – research process
2. Logical – induction/deduction
3. Empirical – evidence based
4. Reductive – generalisation
5. Replicable – methodology.

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Research is a cyclical process

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 Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is:
 A logical supposition
 A reasonable guess
 An educated conjecture
• Provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon
under investigation
• May direct thinking to possible sources of
information necessary to resolve the research
problem and its subproblems
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 Assumption
• An assumption is: Condition that is taken for granted
• Two general assumptions that underlie most research
projects:
 The phenomenon under investigation is somewhat
lawful and predictable.
 Cause-and-effect relationships can account for certain
patterns observed in the phenomenon.

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 Tools of Research
• Specific mechanisms or strategies used to collect,
manipulate, or interpret data
 The library and its resources
 Computer technology
 Measurement
 Statistics
 Language
 The human mind
• Methodology dictates the tools the researcher
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 Library and Its Resources
• Access to books, microforms, CDs, DVDs, online databases
• Fast and efficient means of locating and accessing
information
• Access to library holdings around the world

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 Computer Technology is Used for:
• Generating and organizing ideas
• Scheduling, structuring, and coordinating projects
• Finding literature
• Networking with others
• Storing and analyzing data
• Writing, editing, formatting
• Producing graphics
• Presenting results

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 Measurement
• Usually used in quantitative research
• More difficult for qualitative research
• Common instruments
 Scales
 Rulers
 Stopwatches

• Specialized instruments
 Telescope
 MRI
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 Main Functions of Statistics
• Describe the data
 Descriptive statistics summarize the general nature of the
data obtained
• Draw inferences from the data
 Inferential statistics help the researcher make decisions
about the data

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 Language as a Tool
• Allows us to communicate and think more effectively
 reduces complexity of the world
 allows abstraction of the environment
 enhances the power of thought
 facilitates generalizations and drawing inferences

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 The Human Mind
• The most important tool in the researcher’s toolbox
• Used for critical thinking
• Evaluates
 Accuracy
 credibility
 worth of information
 lines of reasoning

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 The Human Mind

• Evaluation may take a variety of forms:

 verbal reasoning
 argument analysis
 probabilistic reasoning
 decision making
 hypothesis testing

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 ‫‪The Human Mind‬‬
‫االستداللى او االستنباطي ‪• Deductive logic‬‬
‫‪ Begins with one or more premises, statements or assumptions that‬‬
‫‪the researcher initially takes to be true‬‬
‫‪ Valuable for generating research hypotheses and testing theories‬‬
‫• يعرف االستدالل بأنه‪ " :‬هو البرهان الذي يبدأ من قضايا مسلم‬
‫بهـا‪،‬ويسير إلى قضا أخرى تنتج عنها بالضرورة‪ ،‬ودون االلتجـاء‬
‫إلـى التجربة‪ ،‬وهذا السير يكون بواسطة القول أو الحساب"‬
‫• االستدالل قد يكون عملية عقلية منطقية أولية‪ ،‬وهو كل برهان‬
‫دقيق مثل الحساب والقياس‪ .‬وقد يكون عبارة عن عملية‬
‫سلوكية منهجية لتحصيل الحقيقة‪.‬‬
‫• يتكون النظام االستداللي من المبادئ والنظريات‬
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 ‫‪The Human Mind‬‬

‫االستقرائي ‪• Inductive reasoning‬‬

‫)‪ Begins with an observation (sample‬‬
‫‪ Observation then used to draw conclusions about entire classes of‬‬
‫)‪objects or events (population‬‬
‫• يقوم البحث االسـتقرائي بعمليـة مالحظ الجزئيـات والحقـائق‬
‫والمعلومات الفردية‪ ،‬التي تساعد في تكوين إطـار لنظريـة‬
‫يمكـن تعميمها‬
‫• البحث االستقرائي عادة ما ينتهي بمجموعة من الفروض‪ ,‬التي‬
‫تستطيع تفسير تلك المالحظات والتجارب‪ ,‬ثم تحقيق هذه‬
‫الفروض بعد اختبارها‬
‫• فالبحوث االستقرائية تساهم في التوصل إلى اإلجابات عن‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education,‬‬
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‫األسئلة التقليدية المعروفة‪ :‬ماذا‪ ,‬كيف‪ ,‬من‪ ,‬أين‪ ,‬أي‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪The Human Mind‬‬
‫الفرق بين االستنباط واالستقراء‬
‫االستنباط يطلق عليه أيضا " طريق القياس"‪ ,‬وهو يسير في اتجاه‬ ‫•‬
‫معاكس للتفكير االستقرائي الذي يتبعه التجريبيون‪ ,‬وهذا يعني أنه‬
‫مكمل لألسلوب االستقرائي وليس مناقضا له‪.‬‬
‫األسلوب االستقرائي يهدف إلى التحقق من الفروض وإثباتها عن‬ ‫•‬
‫طريق االختبار‪ ,‬أما األسلوب االستنباطي فهو الذي ينشأ من وجود‬
‫استفسار علمي‪ ,‬ثم يعمل الباحث على جمع البيانات والمعلومات‬
‫وتحليلها إلثبات صحة االستفسار أو رفضه‪.‬‬
‫االستقراء يبدأ بالجزئيات ليتوصل إلى القوانين والمسلمات‬ ‫•‬
‫العلمية‪ ,‬في حين أن االستنباط أو القياس يبدأ بالقوانين ليستنبط‬
‫منها الحقائق‪.‬‬
‫وبهذا يكون االستقراء من نصيب المتخصصين الذين يهتمون‬ ‫•‬
‫بالتعليالت العلمية القريبة‪ ,‬بينما يكون االستنباط من نصيب‬
‫الفالسفة الذين يهتمون بالتعليالت الفلسفية البعيدة‪.‬‬
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 The Human Mind
• Scientific method
 Process of collecting & analyzing data systematically
 Involves thinking actively and intentionally
 Yields hypotheses

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 The Human Mind
• Theory Building
 An organized body of concepts and principles
 Intended to explain a particular phenomenon

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 The Human Mind

• Collaboration with other minds

 Increases variety of
• Perspectives
• Backgrounds
• Areas of expertise
 May reduce bias

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 Communicating Effectively
Through Writing
• Be specific and precise: Say exactly what you
mean
• Keep your primary objective in mind at all times
• Provide an overview of what you will be
discussing
• Organize ideas into categories by using headings
and subheadings
• Use concrete examples to make abstract ideas
more understandable

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 Communicating Effectively
Through Writing
• Use figures and tables
• Regularly summarize what you’ve said , what
you’ve read.
• How???????? & Use …….?
• Anticipate having to write multiple drafts
• Check your final draft
 Grammar
 Punctuation
 Spelling

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 Exploring Research in Your Field
• Juried (or refereed) research report
 Judged by experts in the field and deemed to be of
sufficient quality and importance to warrant publication.

• Nonjuried (or nonrefereed) report

 Appears in a journal or on the Internet without having
been reviewed or selected by experts.
 Some nonjuried reports are excellent, but others may not
be.

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 Summary:
The Role and Importance of Research
• Researchers has passion to understand what they study
• Process of discovering new knowledge is research
• Theory helps in organizing new information
• Steps in research process

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