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4 views

Maths - Miniproject1 (1) (1) - 1

Uploaded by

jiyadubla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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(Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Maths Mini Project


Name Roll No
Jiya Dubla 311
Gargi Lad 330
Vivek Jain 320
Simmi Tare 363
Mayuresh Patil 342
Harsh Sharma 356

PROJECT GUIDE: PROF. SARLA


YADAV
Topic 1: Complex Form of
Fourier Series
APPLICATION:
•Signal Processing:
•Used to analyze and process signals in the frequency domain.
•Helps in filtering, compressing, and reconstructing signals.
•Communication Systems:
•Aids in modulating signals for transmission.
•Helps in understanding and analyzing bandwidth and noise.
•Vibration Analysis:
•Analyzes mechanical vibrations in structures and machines.
•Used in detecting faults in machinery by examining vibration patterns.
•Electrical Circuit Analysis:
•Represents periodic voltages and currents in AC circuits.
•Helps in understanding the behavior of circuits with various frequencies.
•Image Processing:
•Used to analyze image frequencies.
•Helps in image compression, filtering, and enhancement.
Topic 2: Orthogonal and Orthogonal Set of
Functions
ORTHOGONAL:
A set of functions f1(x), f2(x), f3(x),……., fn(x) is said to be orthogonal on (a,b)
if

In other words a set of functions f1(x), f2(x),…., fn (x)… is orthogonal on


(a, b) if

And

A set of functions is orthogonal if the integral of the product of any two


distinct functions is zero. Additionally, for each function, the integral of its
square must be non-zero, ensuring that the function is not trivial (i.e., not the
zero function).
ORTHONORMAL:

A set of functions f1(x), f2(x), f3(x),…….fn(x) is said to be orthonormal on (a,b) if

In other words a set of functions f1(x), f2(x),…., fn (x)… is orthonormal on


(a, b) if

and

In the context of the Fourier series, an orthonormal set of functions refers to


a set of orthogonal functions normalized with respect to a given inner
product, typically defined over an interval.
Example 1: Show that the set of functions cos nx, n=1,2,3,... is orthogonal on (0, 2pi)
ple 2: Show that the set of functions (sin x, sin 3x, din 5x,...) that is (sin (2n+1) x
,1,2..is orthogonal over [0,π/2]. Hence construct orthonormal set of functions
APPLICATIONS:

1) Fourier Analysis: Fourier series: Any periodic function can be represented as


a sum of sine and cosine functions, which form an orthogonal basis for the
space of periodic functions.
2) Linear Algebra: Eigenvalue problems: Orthonormal eigenvectors of a
Hermitian matrix can be diagonalized, simplifying its analysis.
3) Signal processing: Orthonormal basis functions can break down a signal into
different subspaces by capturing signal details at various scales.
4) Finding optimal polynomial terms: Orthogonal functions can be used to find
the best combination of polynomial terms.
5) Quantum Mechanics: The wave functions of quantum particles are
represented as vectors in a Hilbert space. Orthonormal basis states
correspond to different quantum states
Topic 3: Fourier Transform

The Fourier Transform is a mathematical technique used to transform


a function of time (or space) into a function of frequency. It breaks
down a signal into its constituent sinusoidal components, allowing for
the analysis of the frequency content of signals.
1. Piecewise Continuity: The function ( f(x) ) should not have too
many discontinuities over a finite interval. It must be piecewise
continuous.
2. 2. Absolute Integrability: ( f(x) ) must be integrable over the entire
real line, meaning the integral of the absolute value of the
function must converge.
APPLICATIONS OF FOURIER TRANSFORM:
1. Signal Processing: Used to filter noise or extract frequency components
from signals.

2. Image Processing: Used for image compression (like JPEG) and image
enhancement.

3. Quantum Mechanics: Used to solve wave equations and analyze


probabilistic distributions in quantum systems.

4. Electrical Engineering: Useful for analyzing AC signals, determining


harmonics, and filtering noise from electrical circuits.

5. Medical Imaging: Techniques like MRI and CT scans rely on Fourier


transforms to analyze and reconstruct images.

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