PREVIOUS CLASS
Physics formulation
Distinction between four mechanics
Limitation of quantification of length
Introduction to need of quantum mechanics
Failure of classical formulation to explain a few experimental
results
Dr. Manoranjan Kar (mano@[Link]), Indian Institute of Technology Patna, [Link]
Fundamental Units: There are accepted and non accepted unit
systems
Example: Accepted: CGS, MKS, FPS etc
Not accepted: Local units: Bigha, Chain, Ana, Gauni, Tula etc.
The accepted unit is SI (Standard International Unit)
Length, Mass, Time, Electric current, Temperature, Luminous
intensity, Amount of substance
Meter(m), Kilogram (kg), Second(s), Ampere(A), Kelvin (K),
Candela (Cd), Mole (n)
Physical Quantities: Distinction
VECTOR MATRICS TENSOR
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I would like to describe a field, in which little has been done,
but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle.
This field is not quite the same as the others in that it will not
tell us much of fundamental physics (in the sense of , what are
the strange particle?) but it is more like solid state physics in
the sense that it might tell us much of great interest about the
strange phenomena that occur in complex situations. Further
more, a point that is most important is that it would have an
enormous number of technical applications. What I want to
talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling
things on a small scale.
Richard Feynman, Caltech, 1959
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
1974-> Norio Taniguchi, 1981 -> Drexler -> Engines of creation
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Can you figure out what characteristics of the
butterfly Morpho peleides limpida makes them interesting
to nanoscience?
The blue color is due to Nature’s remarkable nanotechnology— the blue
color is known as “structural color” (i.e. no pigment) that originates from
the nanostructure in the dorsal wing. The structure interferes with certain
wavelengths of light to produce an beautiful iridescent blue.
The
Wednesday, underside
October 23, 2024 of the wing , on the other hand is brown. 5
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CLASSICAL THEORY: PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY
QUANTUM PHYSICS is not revolution. It is necessary
If speak physics -> Answer comes broader sense.
Only Mathematics. Is it so?
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Why copper melts at 1083 0C?
Why sodium vapor emits yellow light?
Why hydrogen has the chemical properties?
Why the sun shines?
Why the uranium molecules disintegrates?
Why sulfur is an insulator?
Why silver conducts electricity?
Why permanent magnets can be made of steel?
Formulation of Material ?
Many more
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Do we now have a comprehensive theory of matter?
Answer No
We do not have a detailed theory for everything
taking place in our world
It is expanding/progressing with time.
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ELEMENTARY PATICLES AND ATOMS
H2O, H2SO4 and so on
Kinetic theory of Gases: Molecues inside the
chamber::
Elementary
J. C. Maxwell and L. Botzman
today be
found to be
Classical or Quantum??
composite
tomorrow
Avogadro’s number = 6.023x1023
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BROKEN OF NUCLEI
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Planck’s constant is called the quantum of action.
If for a physical system any “natural” dynamical
variable which has the dimension of action
assumes a numerical value comparable to Plank’s
constant h, then the behavior of the system must
be described within the framework of the quantum
mechanics.
Every variable having the dimension of action is
very large when measured against h, then the laws
of classical physics are valid to sufficient accuracy
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Discovery of Planck’s constant
The problem of the blackbody radiation
The problem of the photoelectric effect
The Compton effect
The problem of the Size and stability of the atom
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Kirchhoff assumption - > This distribution of the nature
of the radiators i.e. the material of the walls and dependent
only on the temperature T.
Planck Assume the radiator as wall are simple
harmonic oscillator. The average energy of the oscillator is .
= Boltzmann constant and T = temperature.
Rayleigh-Jeans
the energy density
So, = , =
increases with , but the curve does not follow it.
How to explain it?
Planck’s law of radiation
Assume the oscillators have discrete energies ….
= Planck’s constant= 6.625 ×
Number of oscillators at temperature T is n
So, Boltzmann distribution function
Average energy of the oscillators
So,
But this equation derived with assumption of discrete
energies ,….etc. Classical oscillators (simple pendulum)
take continuous energy levels.
Planck’s hypothesis and Einstein’s photons fitted well in the
Bohr theory. But Bohr theory is not extendable to more than
one electron.
Zeeman effect?
Classical oscillator 1
6.6× erg s very less to measure
Hence, Bohr’s correspondence principle
results obtained from quantum theory must go over
to the classical results when large number of quanta are
involved.
Ex- light wave, = , = 6.6× erg 4 eV (measurable)
