KEEP CALM

AND

USE
CORRECT GRAMMAR
 Of
Contents
 1. English Grammar
2. Traditional Grammar
3. Prescriptive
Approach
4. Descriptive Approach
5. Subjects and
Objects
6. Word order
7. Why study grammar ?
Review
Morphology
 What is
“Morphology”
 What is
“Morphology”

Someone did review their Someone didn’t review their

A. The study of forms C. The study of sentence
lesson. lesson.

D.
Yes,
The
they
study
are of
allThe
complex
Theory
but
of
Moth
B. and
The Morph
study of
? For
moth
real ?
this is
Locality
Language.
 Which of the following contains both
derivational morpheme and inflectional
morpheme?

A.
Misunderstood
Wrong…
You Butyour
did review
Congratulation, it islesson
you a wrong
are nice
well
B. Reorganizing guess.
“Misunderstood” isn’t have a
This one is correct
separable inflectional morpheme
C.
Gobbledygook

D.
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious
What are the allomorphs of
the morpheme “plural” in the
following set ?

Criteria – Dogs – Oxen –

Children – Judges – Stimuli
 What are the allomorphs of
the morpheme “plural” in the
following set ?

Criteria – Dogs – Oxen – Children – Judges – Stimuli

01 English
Grammar

Huynh Trung Kien

01
What is
grammar ?
Grammar is the set of rules that govern 01
how words are combined into phrases,
sentences and paragraphs.

The For
Recipe Languag
e
The Lucky Boys
The Lucky Boys
The Lucky Boys
 The Lucky Boys

An article An adjective A noun

An article An adjective A noun

English has a strict rule for

combining words into phrases
 English has a strict rule for
combining words into phrases

The lucky
t h e boys
oy s Lu
B k y bo cky
l u c ys
t he
Variation
Rules
Variation
Rules
Rules Variation
Rules

Grammar is the set of rules that tell

us how to arrange words correctly
to form meaningful sentences.
These rules helps us understand
what is grammatically correct and
what is not.
 Variation

While English has general rules,

there are variations between
different dialects and regional
forms of language as opposed to
the grammar of Swahili, Tagalog, or
Turkish
Traditional
02
Grammar

Huynh Nhu Nguyet

 Traditional Grammar rooted in
Ancient Languages

Gree
Lati k
n
Traditional Grammar refers to

Ru l es
ma ti cal
G r am

Language s
tructures
describing c
ategories
Key Terms

1) Part of
speech
2)
Agreement
Part of speech
Part of
speech
Every word in a sentence belongs to
a category known as a
Every word in a sentence belongs to
a category known as a

Part of
speech or
Word class
 Nouns
Conjunctions
Articles

Adjectives Pronouns

Prepositions
Verbs
Adverbs
 People (Boy)
Objects (backpack)

Creatures (dog)

Qualities (roughness)
Refer to
Places (school)
Nouns
Phenomena (earthquake)
Articles
Abstract ideas (love)
Adjectives
Proper nouns
start with a capital letter

Articles

Adjectives
Proper nouns
start with a capital letter
Ro m
e
Georg
Cath e
y
Yule
Mich
al
Bo b
Articles

Adjectives
 Words used with nouns
to form phrases, either
classifying or
identifying them.

Articles
Adjectives

Verbs
Words used with nouns to form
phrases, either classifying or
identifying them.

Indefinite: a, Definite: the

an (the apple)
Articles (a banana)

Adjectives

Verbs
 Words used with nouns to provide more
information about things referred to.

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs
 Words used with nouns to provide more
information about things referred to.

EX
A large object
A strange experience
Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs
 Words that refer to actions or states
involving people or things.

Verbs
Adverbs

Prepositions
 Words that refer to actions or states
involving people or things.

Actions
States
+ Go
+ Be
+ Talk
+ Have
+ Run
+…
+ Hold
+…

Verbs
Adverbs

Prepositions
 Words that refer to actions or states
involving people or things.

*EX*
Jessica is ill,
she has a sore
throat.

Verbs
Adverbs

Prepositions
Words used with verbs to provide more
information about actions, states, and events.

Ye
w l y s te
Sl o rd
ay

Adverbs
Prepositions

Pronouns
 Some adverbs (e.g., really,
very) also modify adjectives
(e.g., "Really large objects").

Adverbs
Prepositions

Pronouns
 Words used with nouns to provide
information about time, place, and
other connections.

Time : At five o’clock

Prepositions Place : On the table

Pronouns
Other : With a knife
Conjunctions
 Words used in place of noun phrases,
typically referring to known people or
things.

She talks to herself

They said it belonged to you

Pronouns

Conjunctions
 Words used to make connections and
indicate relationships between events

Example => Chantel's husband

was so sweet and helped her
because she couldn't do much.

Conjunctions
 Words used to make connections and
indicate relationships between events

Example => Chantel's husband

was so sweet and helped her
because she couldn't do much.

Conjunctions
Key Terms

1) Part of
speech
2)
Agreement
Agreement

Agreement refers to how different parts of a sentence

must be grammatically consistent with each other.
Categories involved in agreement: Number, Person,
Tense, Voice, and Gender.
Number : Indicates whether a noun is singular or
plural

Person : Refers to who is speaking

1st person: I, we
2nd person: you
3rd person: he, she, it, they
 Number : Indicates whether a noun is singular or
plural

Person : Refers to who is speaking

1st person: I, we
2nd person: you
3rd person: he, she, it, they

In Cathy loves her dog, Cathy is third person

singular
 use loves
 Tense : describes when the action happens
(present, past, future)

Example:
Present tense: Cathy loves her dog.
Past tense: Cathy loved her dog.
 Active Voice
The subject performs the action

Cathy loves her dog

Cathy is loved by her dog

Passive Voice
The subject receives the action
Natural gender : refers to…gender.
+ Female : she, her
+ Male : He, his
+ Neutral/Unknown : it, its

Cathy loves her dog

 Natural gender : refers to…gender.
+ Female : she, her
+ Male : He, his
+ Neutral/Unknown : it, its

Cathy loves her dog (Cathy is female  her).

Grammatical Gender
Natural : Based on sex (male or female)

Grammatical Gender : Based on noun

classification, not tied to biological sex.
Grammatical Gender : Based on noun classification, not
tied to biological sex.
Grammatical Gender : Based on noun classification, not
tied to biological sex.

Example:
+ El sol (The sun, masculine)
+ La luna (The moon, feminine)
Two genders
+ Masculine
+ Feminine
Grammatical Gender : Based on noun classification, not
tied to biological sex.

Example:
+ Der Mond (The moon, masculine)
+ Die Sonne (The sun, feminine)
+ Das Feuer (The fire, neuter) Three genders
+ Masculine
+ Feminine
+ Neuter
 Traditional Analysis
First person singular (I) Love Amo

Second person singular (you) Love Amas

Third person singular (she) Loves Amat

First person plural (we) Love Amamus

Second person plural (you) Love Amatis

Third person plural (they) Love Amant

 Traditional Analysis
Traditional grammatical categories from Latin
don't always work for English because the languages
operate differently.

First person singular (I) Love Amo

Second person singular (you) Love Amas

Third person singular (she) Loves Amat

First person plural (we) Love Amamus

Second person plural (you) Love Amatis

Third person plural (they) Love Amant

The Prescriptive Approach
03
&
The Descriptive Approach

Huynh Phuoc Khang

The Prescriptive Approach

Refers to a set of rules that dictate

how language should be used. It’s
often associated with formal writing
and speech.
The Prescriptive Approach Example

Never end a sentence with a preposition:

“Who are you talking to?”
should be corrected into “To whom are you talking to?”

Do not split an infinitive:

"I want to quickly eat”
should be corrected into “I want to eat quickly”.
 The Descriptive Approach

The Descriptive Approach is concerned with how

language is actually used, not according to some view of
how it should be used. It's based on observation and
analysis of real-world language patterns.
The Descriptive Approach

Examples:
We can either use “I want to quickly eat” or
“I want to eat quickly”.

Or “Who are you talking to?” can be used to

“To whom are you talking to?”
The Descriptive Approach
Examples:
We can either use “I want to quickly eat” or
“I want to eat quickly”.

Or “Who are you talking to?” can be used to

“To whom are you talking to?”

=> Structural analysis and constituent analysis are

two fundamental approaches used in linguistics to
understand the grammatical structure of sentences.
Structural Analysis

is to investigate the distribution of forms in

a language. It involves the use of “test-
frames”, which can be sentences with empty
slots in them.
Structural Analysis
The_____________________________ makes a lot of noise.
I heard a ________________________ yesterday.

There are a lot of forms that can fit into these

slots to make good grammatical sentences in
English. E.g. car, child, donkey, dog, radio.
We can suggest that because all these forms
fit in the same test-frame or same
grammatical category, “a noun”.
However, there are many forms that do not fit those
test-frames. E.g. Cathy, someone, the dog, a car etc.
For these forms, we need different test-frames:

___________________________makes a lot of noise.

I heard ____________________ yesterday.

Forms that fit these test-frames are it, the big dog,
an old car, and many other examples that share the
same grammatical category, “a noun phrase”.
Structural Analysis
Constituent is to show how small
analysis
constituents go together to form larger
constituents.
The old woman brought brought a large snake from Brazil

We don’t normally think of these combinations

as phrases in English. We are more likely to say
that the phrase-like constituents here are
combinations of the following types: The old
woman, brought (a verb), a large snake, from
Brazil (a prepositional phrase), and Brazil
(noun phrase).
 Word Order
Constituent is to show how small
analysis
constituents go together to form larger
constituents.

The old woman brought a large snake from Brazil

 Subjects and
Objects
& 04
Word Order

Nguyen Thi Truc Mai

 Subject is the first noun phrase before
the verb

Subjects
and
Objects

Object is the noun phrase after the

verb
 Subject is the first noun phrase before
Subjects the verb

and
Objects
Object is the noun phrase after the
verb

The other phrase at the end of sentence is an

adjunct that is often a prepositional phrase and its
function provides additional information such as
where, when or how the subject verb-ed the object.
 Subjects and
Objects
For Example :

Subject Verb Object Adjunct

The old woman brought a large snake from Brazil

She kept it in a cage

Subject Verb Object Adjunct

The old woman brought a large snake from Brazil

She kept it in a cage

The subject is frequently the person or thing is about and often the
one that performs the action of the verb.

The subject noun phrase determines the form of the verb as

singular or plural

The object represents the person or thing that undergoes the

action.
 Subjects and
Objects
Distinction between pronoun used as subjects ( I,
he ) and those used as objects ( me, him )
These differences between subjects and objects :

Subject Object

the first noun phrase the noun phrase after the verb

controls the verb ( singular or plural ) no influece on the verb

often performs the action often undergoes the action

pronouns : I, he, she, we, they me, him, her, us, them
Word Order

The basic linear order of constituents in English is

Noun Phrase - Verb - Noun Phrase, and their typical
grammatical functions are Subject - Verb - Object.
The most common pattern is Subject - Object - Verb.
 Japanese is a verb final
language.

Gaelic has a VSO order ( the sentence

begin with the verb )

Malagasy has a VSO order ( the

sentence begin with the verb )
 Japanese is a verb final
language.

Gaelic has a VSO order ( the sentence

Gaelic and Malagasy the
begin with the verb )
adjective is placed after the
noun.
Malagasy has a VSO order ( the
sentence begin with the verb )
 ( SVO ) Subject Verb Object
NP V NP
English John saw the big dog
( SOV ) Subject Object Verb
“ John ” “ big dog “ “ saw “
Japanese Jon ga ookii inu o mita
( VSO ) Verb Subject Object
“ Saw “ “ John “ “ the dog big “
Gaelic Chunnaic lain an cu mor
( VOS ) Verb Object Subject
“ Saw “ “ the dog big “ “ John “
Malagasy Nahita ny alika be Rajaona
 Language
Typology
It is the study of similarities in the grammatical
structures of languages that allow them to be
classified as members of the same type or group. The
four main types are shown in Table 7.3 (That is
SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS ).

The other two possibilities, OSV and

OVS, have been documented in a
small number of languages in South
America.
05 Why study
grammar ?

Tran Hoang Minh

Why study grammar ?
Why study grammar ?
1. Ordering Rules in Grammar

2. Challenges for language learners

3. Teaching implications

4. Underlying structures in English

The Conclusion
No conclusion, just
game, my friend !
1. What is the typical word order in English?

A Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)

B Noun Phrase-Verb-Noun Phrase (NP V NP)

C Verb-Subject-Object (VSO)

D Verb-Object-Subject (VOS)
2. Which word order is most commonly used across
languages, as illustrated by Japanese?

A Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)

B Verb-Subject-Object (VSO)

C Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)

D Object-Verb-Subject (OVS)
3. What does the term "language typology" refer to?

A The study of how different languages are spoken

B The classification of languages by

geographical location

C The study of historical language development

D The analysis of word order patterns like SVO

and VOS
4. Which of the following statements about grammatical
gender is true?

A It is always based on biological sex differences.

B It is a system where nouns are classified by gender

classes like masculine or feminine.

C All languages have the same system of grammatical

gender.

D It only exists in languages like English that use

"natural gender."
5. In the context of Latin grammar, how do verb forms differ
from English verb forms?

A Latin verb forms vary according to person and number.

B English verbs do not change based on the subject.

C Latin verbs have the same forms as English verbs.

D English verb forms change based on gender.

We are profoundly
thankful for your
attention to our
presentation.