PROJECT 1 PRESENTATION

SUBJECT CODE- ECEUGPR04

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT.
YEAR - 4TH
SEMESTER - 7TH
ALIAH UNIVERSITY, NEW TOWN
TOPIC - MICROSTRIP M.I.M.O ANTENNA

• Group Members:- Guided by:-

• Saugata Dutta (ECE194014) Anisur Rehman Sir
• Saikat Hazra (ECE203004)
• Priti Podder (ECE203021)
• Shampa Pual (ECE203005)
• Avipsa Kundu (ECE203022)
USE OF AN ANTENNA

• An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or

a receiving antenna.
• A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals
into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
• A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves
from the received beam into electrical signals.
• In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both
transmission and reception.
WHAT IS AN ANTENNA ?

• An Antenna is a transducer, which converts

electrical power into electromagnetic waves and
vice versa.
• The device, which converts the required
information signal into electromagnetic waves, is
known as an Antenna.
TYPES OF ANTENNAS

Antennas may be divided into various types

depending upon −
• The physical structure of the antenna.
• The frequency ranges of operation.
• The mode of applications etc.
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

Following are the types of antennas according to the physical structure.

• Wire antennas (Dipole antenna = 20 MHz to 2.2 GHz)
• Aperture antennas (Waveguide Antenna = 300MHZ – 24 GHz)
• Reflector antennas (Parabolic antenna = 2.5-2.7 GHz)
• Lens antennas(starts at 1000 MHz but its use is greater at 3000 MHz
and above)
• Micro strip antennas(Rectangular microstrip antenna = 2.4-2.5 GHz)
• Array antennas(collinear array antennas = 30 MHz to 3GHz)
FREQUENCY OF OPERATION
Following are the types of antennas according to the frequency of operation.
• Very Low Frequency (VLF)- 3-30 kHz
• Low Frequency (LF)- 30-300 kHz
• Medium Frequency (MF)- 300 kHz -3 MHz
• High Frequency (HF)- 3-30 MHz
• Very High Frequency (VHF)- 30-300 MHz
• Ultra High Frequency (UHF)- 300 MHz-3 GHz
• Super High Frequency (SHF)- 3-30 GHz
• Micro wave
• Radio wave
MODE OF APPLICATIONS

Following are the types of antennas according to the modes

of applications −
• Point-to-point communications
• Broadcasting applications
• Radar communications
• Satellite communications
PARAMETERS OF AN ANTENNA

We are going to discuss about the following parameters −

• Frequency
• Wavelength
• Impedance matching
• VSWR & reflected power
• Bandwidth
• Percentage bandwidth
• Radiation intensity
• Directivity
• Apperture efficiency
• Antenna efficiency
• Gain
FREQUENCY

• The rate of repetition of a wave over a particular period of time, is

called as frequency.”
• Mathematically, it is written as f=1/T
• Where f is the frequency of periodic wave.
T is the time period at which the wave repeats.
• The unit of frequency is Hertz, abbreviated as Hz.
WAVELENGTH

• The distance between two immediate positive peaks or

two immediate negative peaks is nothing but the length of
that wave. It can be termed as the Wavelength.
• The formula for wavelength is, λ=cf
• Where λ is the wavelength
c is the speed of light (3∗1083∗108 meters/second)
f is the frequency
• The unit of wavelength is meters.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

• The approximate value of impedance of a transmitter,

when equals the approximate value of the impedance of a
receiver, or vice versa, it is termed as Impedance
matching.
• The unit of impedance (Z) is Ohms.
NECESSITY OF MATCHING

• A resonant device is one, which gives better output at certain narrow band of
frequencies. Antennas are such resonant devices whose impedance if
matched, delivers a better output.
• The power radiated by an antenna, will be effectively radiated, if the antenna
impedance matches the free space impedance.
• For a receiver antenna, antenna’s output impedance should match with the
input impedance of the receiver amplifier circuit.
• For a transmitter antenna, antenna’s input impedance should match with
transmitter amplifier’s output impedance, along with the transmission line
impedance.
VSWR

• The ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in a

standing wave is known as Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.
• It is also called as SWR.
• The higher the impedance mismatch, the higher will be the value
of VSWR.
• The ideal value of VSWR should be 1:1 for effective radiation.
BANDWIDTH

• Bandwidth is the band of frequencies between the

higher and lower frequencies over which a signal is
transmitted.
• The bandwidth, which can also be called
as Absolute Bandwidth.
PERCENTAGE BANDWIDTH

• The ratio of absolute bandwidth to the center frequency of that bandwidth

can be termed as percentage bandwidth.

• The absolute bandwidth is given by- fH - fL.

• The higher and lower frequencies are denoted as fH and fL respectively.
• Percentage bandwidth=absolute band/widthcenterfrequency=(fH−fL )/ fc
• Where fHfH is higher frequency
fLfL is lower frequency
fcfc is center frequency
RADIATION INTENSITY

• Radiation intensity is defined as the power per unit solid

angle.
• U=r2×Wrad
• Where U is the radiation intensity
r is the radial distance
Wrad is the power radiated
• The unit of radiation intensity
is Watts/steradian or Watts/radian2.
DIRECTIVITY

• The ratio of maximum radiation intensity of the subject

antenna to the radiation intensity of an isotropic or
reference antenna, radiating the same total power is called
the directivity.
• Directivity=Maximum radiation intensity of subject antenn
a/Radiation intensity of an isotropic antenna
APERTURE EFFICIENCY

• Aperture efficiency of an antenna, is the ratio of the

effective radiating area (or effective area) to the physical
area of the aperture.
• The mathematical expression for aperture efficiency is as
follows −
εA=Aeff /Ap
Where εA is Aperture Efficiency.
Aeff is effective area.
Ap is physical area.
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

• Antenna Efficiency is the ratio of the radiated power of

the antenna to the input power accepted by the antenna.
• The mathematical expression for antenna efficiency is
given below −
ηe=Prad/Pinput
Where ηe is the antenna efficiency.
Prad is the power radiated.
Pinput is the input power for the antenna
 GAIN

• Gain of an antenna is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given

direction to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the
power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.
• Gain is usually measured in dB.
• The equation of gain, G is as shown below.
G=ηeD
Where G is gain of the antenna.
ηe is the antenna’s efficiency.
D is the directivity of the antenna.

• The unit of gain is decibels or simply dB.

 HOW DOES AN ANTENNA WORK?

The antenna at the transmitter generates the radio wave. A

voltage at the desired frequency is applied to the antenna.
The voltage across the antenna elements and the current
through them create the electric and magnetic waves,
respectively. At the receiver, the electromagnetic wave
passing over the antenna induces a small voltage. Thus, the
antenna becomes the signal source for the receiver input.
WHAT IS MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT, MULTIPLE
OUTPUT)?

• MIMO (multiple input, multiple

output) is an antenna
technology for wireless
communications in which
multiple antennas are used at
both the source (transmitter)
and the destination (receiver).
MICROSTRIP OR PATCH ANTENNA

• Micro strip antennas are low-profile antennas. A metal

patch mounted at a ground level with a di-electric
material in-between constitutes a Micro strip or Patch
Antenna. These are very low size antennas having low
radiation.
• The patch antennas are popular for low profile
applications at frequencies above 100MHz.
WORKING OF MICROSTRIP
OR PATCH ANTENNA
• Micro strip antenna consists of a very thin
metallic strip placed on a ground plane with a di-
electric material in-between. The radiating
element and feed lines are placed by the process
of photo-etching on the di-electric material.
Usually, the patch or micro-strip is chosen to be
square, circular or rectangular in shape for the
ease of analysis and fabrication.
• The length of the metal patch is λ/2. When the
antenna is excited, the waves generated within
the di-electric undergo reflections and the energy
is radiated from the edges of the metal patch ,
which is very low.
RADIATION PATTERN
• The radiation pattern of
microstrip or patch antenna
is broad.
• The radiation pattern of a
microstrip or patch antenna is
shown above. It has lesser
directivity. To have a greater
directivity, an array can be
formed by using these patch
antennas.
ADVANTAGES

• Light weight
• Low cost
• Ease of installation
DISADVANTAGES

• Inefficient radiation
• Narrow frequency bandwidth
 APPLICATIONS

•Used in Space craft applications

•Used in Air craft applications
•Used in Low profile antenna applications
What frequency range is a phone call?

The frequency band used in telephone systems to carry voice, audio, or

sound signals ranging from about 300 Hz (hertz) to about 3400 Hz.