Atoms and elements
• An atom is the smallest part of an element that you can get.
• An atom has a radius of around 0.1 nm (1 x 10-10 m)
• The nucleus of an atom is only 1/10,000 of this! (about 1 x 10 -14m)
• An element contains only one type of atom.
The Atom
Nucleus:
Shells: This is the centre of the
atom and contains two
These are around types of particle.
the edge of the
PROtons which are
atom and hold positively charged
negative electrons.
NEUTrons that are
neutrally or have no charge
Pay attention to the details!
What’s inside an atom?
Nucleus:
Shells: This is the centre of the
atom and contains two
These are around the types of particle.
edge of the atom and
hold negative electrons. PROtons which are
positively charged
The electrons orbit the
atom and have so much NEUTrons that are
energy that if they neutrally or have no
weren’t stuck to the charge
atom they could orbit
the whole Earth in only
17 seconds!!
Click here!- Inside an Atom Song
So what’s different about
elements?
• Each element in the Periodic Table has a different number of protons
and electrons.
• Every atom of that element has the same number of protons.
Atoms and elements
• An atom is the smallest part of an element that you can get
• An element contains only one type of atom.
• Each element in the Periodic Table has a different number of protons
and electrons.
• Every atom of that element has the same number of protons.
Identifying elements
• You will need a copy of the Periodic
Table
• You will be shown either the name or
the symbol for an element
• Number your page with 1-20
• In your book for each symbol or
element shown you will need to
record
• The symbol for the element e.g. C
• The name for the element e.g.
carbon
1. Carbon 11. Na
2. Nitrogen 12. Fe
3. Hydrogen 13. Sn
4. Titanium 14. He
Find the 5. Chlorine 15. O
symbol or 6. Magnesium 16. S
name… 7. Calcium 17. Si
Questions! 8. Mercury 18. Al
9. Lithium 19. Au
10. Potassium 20. Ag
Find the symbol or name…
Answers!
1. C 11. Sodium
2. N 12. Iron
3. H 13. Tin
4. Ti 14. Helium
5. Cl 15. Oxygen
6. Mg 16. Sulfur
7. Ca 17. Silicon
8. Hg 18. Aluminium
9. Li 19. Gold
10. K 20. Silver
Periodic table of elements song https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zGM-wSKFBpo
Compoun
ds
Compounds are formed from elements by chemical reactions
Compounds contain 2 or more elements which are chemically
combined
Which elements do these
contain?
CH4 O2 Ne
HCl
NaOH Br2
Hg CO2 H 2O
What elements are in
compounds?
He Tells you helium atoms go around on
their own
There are no numbers so it means for
MgO every one magnesium you get one oxygen
This tells you that for every one Be (no
BeCl2 number after it means there’s just
one), there will be two chlorine atoms
Fe2O3 This tells you that for every two iron
atoms there will be three oxygen atoms
What number of atoms of each
element are in these?
CH4 O2 Ne
HCl
NaOH Br2
Hg CO2 H 2O
Writing balanced symbol equations
• Word equations show reactants and products in reactions.
• Balanced symbol equations also show:
- the formula of reactants and products
- how the atoms are rearranged
- the relative amounts of reactants and products.
For example:
carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide Is the symbol
C + O2 → CO2 equation
balanced?
Guide to balancing equations
STEPS:
1. Write the word equation RULES:
2. Write the chemical symbols or 1. Big numbers only go in front of
formulae for each reactant and the chemical symbol or formulae
product 2. You cannot change the
3. Count the number of each type of composition of the formulae e.g.
atom on the reactant side and then H2O, CO2.
on the product side 3. If you add a big number you
4. Multiply the elements/compounds must multiply everything inside
until there is the same number of the chemical formulae by this.
each type of atom on the reactant e.g. 2H2O = 2 x (H2O)
and product side.
BALANCING EQUATIONS PRACTICE
H2(g) + O2(g) --> H2O(l)
H H
O O
BALANCING EQUATIONS PRACTICE
H2(g) + O2(g) --> H2O(l)
H 2 H 2
O 2 O 1
BALANCING EQUATIONS PRACTICE
H2(g) + O2(g) -->2H2O(l)
H 2 H 24
O 2 O 12
BALANCING EQUATIONS PRACTICE
2H2(g) + O2(g) -->2H2O(l)
H 24 H 24
O 2 O 12
Now your turn…
2 (s) + O2(g) -->
Mg 2 MgO(s)
Mg 12 Mg 1 2
O 2 O 1 2
2Mg(s) + O2(g) --> 2MgO(s)
Is the equation balanced?
CaCO3(s) --> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Ca 1 Ca 1
C 1 C 1
O 3 O 3
CHECKPOINT 4: Balancing Equations
2Mg + O2 2 MgO
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
2Fe + 3 Cl2 2 FeCl3
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2O
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 +2 H2O
Ca + 2 H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 +2 H2O
CH23OH + 3
O 2 CO +4 H2O
2 2
LO: To calculate the masses of products and reactants from balanced symbol
equations
.
Units of measurement
We use units of measurement in life to give us an easier way to use
large (or small) numbers.
metre = 100 cm, litre = 1000 ml, kilogram = 1000 g
The mole is a unit of measurement
In chemistry we use it to tell us how many
atoms or molecules there are
LO: To calculate the masses of products and reactants from balanced symbol
equations
A human
A mole body
of substance contains
is the roughlythat
amount of substance onehas the same
number of particles as there are in 12.00g of carbon-12.
hundred trillion
The particles cells;
may be atoms, there
molecules, are
ions or roughly
even electrons.
six billion people on Earth; so the total
This number of particles is a constant known
number of human cells on the planet
as Avagadros constant, and is approximately 6 x 10 mol .
is
23 -1
very close
The mass of onetomole
oneof mole.
a substance is often referred to as
the molar mass (M). The units of molar mass are gmol-1.
If you had a mole of pennies, you could
If I had 1 mole of H O I would have 6.02 X 10 molecules of water.
give out enough money to everyone in
23
2
the world so1 that
If I had mole ofthey could Ispend
grapefruits a
would have
million dollars every hour,
602,214,150,000,000,000,000,000 (6.02day
X 10and
23
night,
) grapefruits
for the rest of their lives.
LO: To calculate the masses of products and reactants from balanced symbol equations
.
What do these have in common?
• 7g of lithium (atomic mass 7)
• 20g neon (atomic mass 20)
• 39 g potassium (atomic mass 39)
All contain the same number of
atoms (1 mole or 6.02 x 1023 atoms)
LO: To define and apply the concept of moles.
Mass, Moles and RAM (Mr)
Mass
Moles RAM or
RFM
LO: To define and apply the concept of moles.
Example
If I have 9g of water, how many moles
do I have?
n = M/FM
n = 9g/18
n = 0.5
What is the mass of
(n) 0.25 moles N2?
M = n X FM
M = 0.25 X 28
M = 7g
What is the mass of 0.2 How many moles in 2.0g of neon?
moles of sulphur? How many moles in 4h of
What is the mass of 0.25 magnesium?
moles of CaCO3? How many moles in 24g of carbon?
How many moles in 14 g How many moles in 240g of CuSO4?
of silver? What is the mass of 2.34 moles of
How many moles in 0.56 Platinum?
g of CaO?
Calculate the number of moles in:
9.8g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
40.0g of sodium chloride.
720g of iron (II) oxide (FeO).
Calculate the mass of:
2 moles of zinc oxide (ZnO).
0.25 moles of hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
0.35 moles of copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4).
RFM
page 36 might help you with working out the formulae in j-o above!
Empirical formula
Example 2. Calculate the empirical formula of a compound that
contains 4.6g of Na, 2.8g of N and 9.6 of O.
Calculating an empirical formula
A compound was found to contain 6.9g of sodium, 4.8g
of sulphur and 9.6g of oxygen. Use this information to
calculate the empirical formula of this compound.
Revision problem 1
The RFM of a compound is CH2. If the RFM of the
compound is 70, what is its molecular formula?
Calculating an empirical formula
Percentage composition
Concentration
CONCENTRATION
CONVERTING UNITS Convert the following
Volume Mass
1. 2dm3 to cm3 2,000cm3 1. 2g to mg 2,000mg
2. 10dm3 to cm3 10,000cm3 2. 5g to mg 5,000mg
3. 0.5dm3 to cm3 500cm3 3. 0.6g to mg 600mg
4. 0.05dm3 to cm3 50cm3 4. 0.35g to mg 350mg
5. 3000cm3 to dm3 3dm3 5. 0.12g to mg 120mg
6. 1500cm3 to dm3 1.5dm3 6. 0.05g to mg 50mg
7. 600cm3 to dm3 0.6dm3 7. 0.003g to mg 3mg
8. 200cm3 to dm3 0.2dm3 8. 1210mg to g 1.21g
9. 100cm3 to dm3 0.1dm3 9. 760mg to g 0.76g
10. 450cm3 to dm3 0.45dm3 10. 345mg to g 0.345g
11. 40cm3 to dm3 0.04dm3 11. 120mg to g 0.120g
12. 10cm3 to dm3 0.01dm3 12. 63mg to g 0.063g
13. 1x10-2 dm3 to cm3 100cm3 13. 3.2x10-1g to mg 320mg
14. 4x10-3 dm3 to cm3 4cm3 14. 4.3x10-3g to mg 4.3mg
CONVERTING UNITS Convert the following
Volume Mass
1. 2dm3 to cm3 2,000cm3 1. 2g to mg 2,000mg
2. 10dm3 to cm3 10,000cm3 2. 5g to mg 5,000mg
3. 0.5dm3 to cm3 500cm3 3. 0.6g to mg 600mg
4. 0.05dm3 to cm3 50cm3 4. 0.35g to mg 350mg
5. 3000cm3 to dm3 3dm3 5. 0.12g to mg 120mg
6. 1500cm3 to dm3 1.5dm3 6. 0.05g to mg 50mg
7. 600cm3 to dm3 0.6dm3 7. 0.003g to mg 3mg
8. 200cm3 to dm3 0.2dm3 8. 1210mg to g 1.21g
9. 100cm3 to dm3 0.1dm3 9. 760mg to g 0.76g
10. 450cm3 to dm3 0.45dm3 10. 345mg to g 0.345g
11. 40cm3 to dm3 0.04dm3 11. 120mg to g 0.120g
12. 10cm3 to dm3 0.01dm3 12. 63mg to g 0.063g
13. 1x10-2 dm3 to cm3 100cm3 13. 3.2x10-1g to mg 320mg
14. 4x10-3 dm3 to cm3 4cm3 14. 4.3x10-3g to mg 4.3mg
Some (more!!) questions!
1. Convert the following 2. Convert the following
a. 0.2 dm3 into cm3 a. 1.5g to mg
b. 0.04dm3 into cm3 b. 0.55g to mg
c. 300 cm3 into dm3 c. 800mg to g
d. 40 cm3 into dm3 d. 20mg to g
CONCENTRATION
Have a go at the problem sheet on concentrations
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Can you balance the following equation?
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Lead nitrate and potassium iodide
Calcium carbonate (powder) and hydrochloric acid
Notes on the law of conservation of mass
Calculate the mass of CO2 produced if 100kg of iron (III) oxide,
Fe2O3 completely react according to the following equation:
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
Avogadro and the mole
KILO DOZEN
GROSS
MEGA
PAIR
BAKER’S DOZEN
Amedeo Carlo
Avogadro
1776 - 1856
Notes on the mole
2.8g of nitrogen reacts with 2.0g of hydrogen – mass of ammonia
made?
Another question!
What mass of H2 can be made if 1.6g of CH4
reacts with 5.0g of O2?
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Use of amount of substance (HT) – QuestionIT
12. 0.10g of hydrogen reacts with 3.55g of chlorine to produce 3.65g
of hydrogen chloride. Use this information to work out the
balancing numbers for hydrogen chloride.
H2 + Cl2 ___HCl
M r: H 2 = 1 x 2 = 2
Mr: Cl2 = 35.5 x 2 = 71
Mr: HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5
Then to convert masses to moles use:
Moles of H2 = 0.10/2 = 0.05 mol
Moles of Cl2 = 3.55/71 = 0.05 mol
Moles of HCl = 3.65/36.5 = 0.1 mol
Dividing the ratio by the smallest number gives 1:1:2
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
YOU ONLY NEED TO KNOW WHY!
• A reaction finishes when one of the reactants is all used up. The
other reactant has nothing left to react with, so some of it is left
over:
• The reactant that is all used up is called the limiting reactant - it sets a
limit on how much product can form.
• he reactant that is left over is described as being in excess.
• The mass of product formed in a reaction depends upon the mass of
the limiting reactant. This is because no more product can form
when the limiting reactant is all used up.
Limiting reagent = Ca Reagent in excess = O2
Revision – writing a chemical formula
Try writing some formulae from the above!
• 1. CsCl
• 2. GaF3
• 3. TiO2
• 4. Fr2S
• 5. FeO
• 6. Fe(OH)3
• 7. BaSO4
Can you work out the charges on the ions in RED below?
1. CsCl 8. MgAs
2. GaF3 9. AlAt3
3. TiO2 10. Al2S3
4. Fr2S 11. NaHCO3
5. FeO 12. MgSO3
6. Fe(OH)3 13. Ca(NO2)2
7. BaSO4 14. K3PO4
Can you work out the charges on the ions in RED below?
1. CsCl 1+ 8. MgAs 2-
2. GaF3 3+ 9. AlAt3 1-
3. TiO2 4+ 10. Al2S3 2-
4. Fr2S 1+ 11. NaHCO3 1-
5. FeO 2+ 12. MgSO3 2-
6. Fe(OH)3 3+ 13. Ca(NO2)2 1-
7. BaSO4 2+ 14. K3PO4 3-
Notes on:
1. Empirical formula
Calculating the masses of reactants and products
Have a go at questions 4, 5 and 6 on page 75.
The answers are
Q4 – 6g of hydrogen are made
Q5 – 1125g of water are made
Q6 – 24kg of sodium hydroxide are needed
Exam-style question
2.6g of MgO could be made
Calculatio
ns
Topic 09
Tuesday, 24th Sep
2019
If you finish read through “Calculating the masses
of reactants and products’ on page 75
Masses in equations Work out the masses of each in the following equations
O2 2MgO
48g 32g
80g
CaO + CO2
100g
56g 44g
2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
16g 64g
44g 36g
2H2O 2NaOH + H2
46g 36g 80g
2g
296g 2MgO + 4NO280g + O2
184g 32g
Calculating the masses of reactants and products
Have a go at questions 4, 5 and 6 on page 75.
The answers are
Q4 – 6g of hydrogen are made
Q5 – 1125g of water are made
Q6 – 24kg of sodium hydroxide are needed
Exam-style question
2.6g of MgO could be made
Calculatio
ns
Topic 09
Tuesday, 24th Sep
2019
If you finish read through “Calculating the masses
of reactants and products’ on page 75
