Vật liệu bán dẫn
Semiconductor Materials
Bùi Thanh Tùng (PhD)
MEMS and Microsystem Department
Reference:
ELECTRONIC DEVICES, 9th edition, Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice Hall
Semiconductor Physics And Devices, 3rd ed. - J. Neamen
Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 8th
Edition, Prentice Hall
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Purpose
To understand the semiconductor materials
that are suitable for electronic devices
To study the properties of materials for
electronic devices
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Semiconductor Material
Semiconductors are a special class of elements
having a conductivity between that of a good
conductor and that of an insulator.
They are fall into two classes : single crystal
and compound
Single crystal e.g Ge and Si
Compound e.g GaAs , CdS, GaN and GaAsP
Ge-germanium; Si-silicon; Ga-gallium ;As –arsenide; Cd-cadmium; S-
sulfide; N-nitride; P-phosphide
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Recall: THE ATOM
Structure of an atom
Discuss the Bohr model of an atom
Define electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus
Define atomic number
Discuss electron shells and orbits
Explain energy levels
Define valence electron
Discuss ionization
Define free electron and ion
Discuss the basic concept of the quantum
model of the atom
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The Bohr Model
Atom: smallest particle of an
element that retains the
characteristics of that
element
Nucleus:
• Protons
• Neutrons (Uncharged particles)
Electrons
Atomic Number: the number of
protons in the nucleus = the
number of electrons in an
electrically balanced (neutral)
atom
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Group → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
↓ Period
1
1 The periodic table of the elements 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 ** 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
* Lanthanides
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
** Actinides
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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Electrons and Shells
Energy Levels
In the isolated atomic structure
there are discrete (individual)
energy levels associated with
each orbiting electron
Each material has its own set of
permissible energy levels for the
electrons in its atomic structure.
The orbits are grouped into
energy levels known as shells
The Maximum Number of
Electrons in Each Shell
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Valence Electrons
Valence shell: outermost shell
Valence electrons
contribute to chemical reactions
bonding within the structure of a material
determine its electrical properties
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Ionization
Valence electron acquires a sufficient amount
of energy (ionization energy): escape from the
outer shell and the atom’s influence -> free
electron
Neutral atom -> positive charge
Ionization: The process of losing a valence
electron
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The Quantum Model (Heisenberg)
is a statistical model
the quantum model has a nucleus of protons
and neutrons surrounded by electrons
Unlike the Bohr model, the electrons in the
quantum model do not exist in precise circular
orbits as particles
Wave-particle duality
Uncertainly principle:
Probability clouds (electron close)
f(E): xác suất để tìm thấy điện tử có năng lượng E ở nhiệt độ T
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s (tối đa 2 điện tử)
p (tối đa 6 điện tử)
d (tối đa 10 điện tử)
f (tối đa 14 điện tử).
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Material Used in Electronics
Discuss insulators, conductors, and
semiconductors and how they differ
Define the core of an atom
Describe the carbon atom
Name two types each of semiconductors,
conductors, and insulators
Explain the band gap
Define valence band and conduction band
Compare a semiconductor atom to a conductor
atom
Discuss silicon and gemanium atoms
❏ Explain covalent bonds
Define crystal
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Insulators, Conductors, and
Semiconductors
Insulators: rubber, plastics, glass, mica, and
quartz.
Conductors: copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au),
and aluminum (Al)
Semiconductors: antimony (Sb), arsenic (As),
astatine (At), boron (B), polonium (Po),
tellurium (Te), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge).
Chất cách Chất bán dẫn Chất dẫn
điện điện
10-18 m 10-8 m 10-3 m 1018m
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Band Gap
free electron
conduction band
valence band
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Semiconductor Atom vs. Conductor
Atom
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Si vs. Ge
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Covalent Bonds
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Covalent bonding
Covalent bonding of Si crystal
Covalent bonding of GaAs
crystal
This bonding of atoms, strengthened by the sharing of electrons, is
called covalent bonding
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Current in Semicondutors
How current is produced in a semiconductor
Discuss conduction electrons and holes
Electron-hole pair
Recombination
Explain electron and hole current
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unexcited atom in a pure (intrinsic)
silicon crystal.
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Conduction Electrons and Holes
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Electron-hole pairs in a silicon crystal
Free electron
Intrinsic Si (@RT): 1 to 1E12
Intrinsic Ge 1 to 1E9
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A0 ： Avogadro constant = 6.023E23
T: Temperature (K)
EG: Band gap
K: Bolzman constant = 8.62E-5 eV/oK
K=1,381E-23 J/0K
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Table: Intrinsic carriers
Semiconductor Intrinsic carriers/cm3
GaAs 1.7 X 106
Si 1.5 X 1010
Ge 2.5 X 1013
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Effect on temperature
Conductor – increase resistance with increase
in heat ( number of carrier do not increase)- is
said to have a positive temperature coefficient.
Semiconductor- increase conductivity with
increase in heat ( number of carrier increase)-
is said to have a negative temperature
coefficient.
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Electron current in intrinsic silicon
Current is produced by the movement of thermally
generated free electrons
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Metal
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Relative mobility mn
Relative mobility is the ability of free
carriers to move throughout the material.
Semiconductor mn (cm2/V-s)
Si 1500
Ge 3900
GaAs 8500
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In n-type semiconductor: n >> p -> ϭ ϭn = n.µn.e
In p-type semiconductor: p >> n -> ϭ ϭp = n.µp.e
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N-type and P-type semiconductors
Properties of n-type and p-type semiconductors
How n-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier
in n-type material
Explain how p-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier
in p-type material
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Semiconductor Majority and Minority Carriers
N-Type
Semiconductor
Antimony (Sb),
Phosphorus (P)
(five valence electrons)
donor atoms.
Doping with Sb
(n>p)
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P-Type
Semiconductor
• Gallium (Ga), Indium (In)
• Void is called hole
Boron (B)
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p-n Junction
p-type Si n-type Si
Anode Cathode
Build-in voltage
(Điện áp lớp tiếp giáp)
Vo = 0.6 V– 0.9 V
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Calculate the value of ni for silicon at room temperature ( K)
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