We willing Allah as my Lord, Islam as my religion, and

Prophet Muhammad as Prophet and Apostle, O Allah, add me

knowledge and give me a understandability
Kami ridho Allah SWT sebagai Tuhanku, Islam sebagai
agamaku, dan Nabi Muhammad sebagai Nabi dan Rasul, Ya
Allah, tambahkanlah kepadaku ilmu dan berikanlah aku
kefahaman
RUHYANA
r
[email protected]
m
08122780702
 DESCRIPTION
Course Biostatistics
Class Extension Students
Credits 2 Credits Theory
Schedule Wednesday 05.30 – 07.30 pm
Room B 208
Lecuterer Ruhyana, Muhammad Mirza Fauzi
STATISTIKA

Apakah statistik itu sulit ?

Apakah anda yakin statistik itu sulit ?
Yakin ?!…………
Kenapa ?
STATISTIKA DALAM KESEHARIAN KITA!

Apa saja yang menjadi kegiatan keseharian anda

?
Kegiatan apa saja yang menurut saudara ada
hubungannya/terkait dengan statistika ?
Adakah kegiatan keseharian saudara yg tidak
terkait dengan statistika ?
INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
“There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned
lies, and statistics” (B. Disraeli)
LITTLE BIT HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
Statistik statista (Italian word means statesman)
Governments of ancient Babylonia, Egypt, and Rome gathered
detailed records of populations and resources.
In A.D. 762 Charlemagne asked for detailed description of church-
owned properties.
Because of Henry II’s fear of the plague, England began to register
its dead in 1532

8
BASICS OF STATISTICS
Definition: Science of collection, presentation, analysis, and reasonable
interpretation of data.
Statistics presents a rigorous scientific method for gaining insight into data.
For example, suppose we measure the weight of 100 patients in a study.
With so many measurements, simply looking at the data fails to provide an
informative account. However statistics can give an instant overall picture of
data based on graphical presentation or numerical summarization
irrespective to the number of data points. Besides data summarization,
another important task of statistics is to make inference and predict relations
of variables.
STATISTICS
The science of collectiong, organizing, presenting,
analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making
more effective decisions
Statistical analysis – used to manipulate summarize,
and investigate data, so that useful decision-making
information results.
OTHER DEFINITIONS FOR “STATISTICS”

Frequently used in referral to recorded data

Denotes characteristics calculated for a set of data : sample mean
WHY STUDY STATISTICS?
1. Data are everywhere
2. Statistical techniques are used to make many
decisions that affect our lives
3. No matter what your career, you will make
professional decisions that involve data. An
understanding of statistical methods will help you
make these decisions efectively
STATISTICS &
RESERACH
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
Statistics: The science of collecting, describing, and interpreting
data.

Two areas of statistics:

Descriptive Statistics: collection, presentation, and description of
sample data.
Inferential Statistics: making decisions and drawing conclusions
about populations.
A TAXONOMY OF STATISTICS
APPLICATIONS OF
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
IN THE HEALTH WORLD
Biostatistics
BIOSTATISTICS

(a portmanteau word made from biology and

statistics)
The application of statistics to a wide range of
topics in biology.
BIOSTATISTICS

It is the science which deals with development and application of

the most appropriate methods for the:
Collection of data.
Presentation of the collected data.
Analysis and interpretation of the results.
Making decisions on the basis of such analysis
ROLE OF STATISTICIANS

 To guide the design of an experiment or survey prior to data

collection

 To analyze data using proper statistical procedures and

techniques

 To present and interpret the results to researchers and other

decision makers
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC
TERMS
Population: A collection, or set, of individuals or objects or events
whose properties are to be analyzed.
Two kinds of populations: finite or infinite.

Sample: A subset of the population.

SOME DEFINITIONS
Variable - any characteristic of an individual or entity. A variable can take different values for
different individuals. Variables can be categorical or quantitative. Per S. S. Stevens…
• Nominal - Categorical variables with no inherent order or ranking sequence such as names
or classes (e.g., gender). Value may be a numerical, but without numerical value (e.g., I, II,
III). The only operation that can be applied to Nominal variables is enumeration.
• Ordinal - Variables with an inherent rank or order, e.g. mild, moderate, severe. Can be
compared for equality, or greater or less, but not how much greater or less.
• Interval - Values of the variable are ordered as in Ordinal, and additionally, differences
between values are meaningful, however, the scale is not absolutely anchored. Calendar
dates and temperatures on the Fahrenheit scale are examples. Addition and subtraction, but
not multiplication and division are meaningful operations.
• Ratio - Variables with all properties of Interval plus an absolute, non-arbitrary zero point,
e.g. age, weight, temperature (Kelvin). Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are
all meaningful operations.
SOME DEFINITIONS
Distribution - (of a variable) tells us what values the variable takes and how often
it takes these values.
•Unimodal - having a single peak
•Bimodal - having two distinct peaks
•Symmetric - left and right half are mirror images.
Variable: A characteristic about each individual
element of a population or sample.
Data (singular): The value of the variable
associated with one element of a population or
sample. This value may be a number, a word, or a
symbol.
Data (plural): The set of values collected for the
variable from each of the elements belonging to the
sample.
Experiment: A planned activity whose results yield
a set of data.
Parameter: A numerical value summarizing all the
data of an entire population.
Statistic: A numerical value summarizing the
sample data.
Example: A college dean is interested in learning about the
average age of faculty. Identify the basic terms in this situation.

The population is the age of all faculty members at the college.

A sample is any subset of that population. For example, we
might select 10 faculty members and determine their age.
The variable is the “age” of each faculty member.
One data would be the age of a specific faculty member.
The data would be the set of values in the sample.
The experiment would be the method used to select the ages
forming the sample and determining the actual age of each
faculty member in the sample.
The parameter of interest is the “average” age of all faculty at
the college.
The statistic is the “average” age for all faculty in the sample.
DATA
STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION
OF DATA
Statistics describes a numeric set of data by its
 Center
 Variability
 Shape

Statistics describes a categorical set of data by

 Frequency, percentage or proportion of each category
DATA COLLECTION
First problem a statistician faces: how to obtain the data.
It is important to obtain good, or representative, data.
Inferences are made based on statistics obtained from the data.
Inferences can only be as good as the data.
Methods used to collect data:

Experiment: The investigator controls or

modifies the environment and observes the effect
on the variable under study.
Survey: Data are obtained by sampling some of
the population of interest. The investigator does
not modify the environment.
Census: A 100% survey. Every element of the
population is listed. Seldom used: difficult and
time-consuming to compile, and expensive.
Process of data collection:
1. Define the objectives of the survey or
experiment.
Example: Estimate the average life of an
electronic component.
2. Define the variable and population of
interest.
Example: Length of time for anesthesia to wear
off after surgery.
3. Defining the data-collection and data-
measuring schemes. This includes sampling
procedures, sample size, and the data-measuring
device (questionnaire, scale, ruler, etc.).
4. Determine the appropriate descriptive or
inferential data-analysis techniques.
Biased Sampling Method: A sampling method
that produces data which systematically differs
from the sampled population. An unbiased
sampling method is one that is not biased.

Sampling methods that often result in biased

samples:
1. Convenience sample: sample selected
from elements of a
population that are easily accessible.
2. Volunteer sample: sample collected from
those elements
of the population which chose to contribute the
needed
information on their own initiative.
MEASURE AND VARIABILITY
No matter what the response variable: there will always be
variability in the data.
One of the primary objectives of statistics: measuring and
characterizing variability.
Controlling (or reducing) variability in a manufacturing process:
statistical process control.
Remember: Responsible use of statistical
methodology is very important. The burden is on the
user to ensure that the appropriate methods are
correctly applied and that accurate conclusions are
drawn and communicated to others.
STATISTICS AND THE
TECHNOLOGY
The electronic technology has had a tremendous effect on the field
of statistics.
Many statistical techniques are repetitive in nature: computers and
calculators are good at this.
Lots of statistical software packages: MINITAB, SYSTAT, STATA,
SAS, Statgraphics, SPSS, and calculators.
 BRIEF CONCEPT OF STATISTICAL
SOFTWARES
There are many softwares to perform statistical analysis and visualization
of data. Some of them are SAS (System for Statistical Analysis), S-plus, R,
Matlab, Minitab, BMDP, Stata, SPSS, StatXact, Statistica, LISREL, JMP,
GLIM, HIL, MS Excel etc. We will discuss MS Excel and SPSS in brief.

Some useful websites for more information of statistical softwares-

http://www.galaxy.gmu.edu/papers/astr1.html
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Rainer_Wuerlaender/
statsoft.htm#archiv
http://www.R-project.org
CLASS SUMMARY (FIRST
PART)
So far we have learned-

Statistics and data

Any questions ?
 ‫َالَّلُهَّم َأِرَنا اْلَح َّق َح ًّقا َواْر ُز ْقَنا اِّتـَباَعه َوَأِرَنا اْلَباِطَل َباِطًال‬
‫َواْر ُز ْقَنا اْج ِتَناَبُه‬
O Allah, show us the truth so we can follow it. And
show us ugliness so we can stay away from it

Ya Allah, tunjukkanlah kepada kami kebenaran

sehingga kami dapat mengikutinya. Dan
tunjukkanlah kepada kami kejelekan sehingga kami
dapat menjauhinya