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The Language of Functions & Relations Operations

MATH MODERN WORLD

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Shervin Rosopa
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14 views

The Language of Functions & Relations Operations

MATH MODERN WORLD

Uploaded by

Shervin Rosopa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Language of Functions and Relations: Exploring

Operations and Connections


Introduction to Functions
and Relations

● Functions and relations are fundamental


concepts in mathematics
● A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y)
● A function is a special type of relation
where each input has exactly one output
● How can you tell if a relation is a function
by looking at its graph?
Key Terminology
● Domain: set of all possible input values (x)
● Codomain: set of all possible output values (y)
● Range: set of actual output values
● Can you think of a real-life example of a function and identify its
domain and range?
Types of Relations

● Reflexive: (a, a) is in R for all a in the set


● Symmetric: If (a, b) is in R, then (b, a) is
also in R
● Transitive: If (a, b) and (b, c) are in R,
then (a, c) is in R
● Can you classify the "less than" relation
(<) using these types?
Function Notation
● f(x) represents the output of function f for input x
● y = f(x) is equivalent to the ordered pair (x, y)
● Examples: f(x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x^2
● How would you read "f(3) = 7" in words?
Function Composition

● (f ∘ g)(x) means "apply g first, then f"


● (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))
● Not always commutative: (f ∘ g) ≠ (g ∘ f)
in general
● Can you compose f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) =
x^2?
Inverse Functions
● f^(-1) is the inverse function of f
● Switches input and output: If f(a) = b, then f^(-1)(b) = a
● Not all functions have inverses
● What condition must a function satisfy to have an inverse?
One-to-One Functions

● Each element of the codomain is paired


with at most one element of the domain
● Horizontal line test: No horizontal line
intersects the graph more than once
● Example: f(x) = 2x is one-to-one
● Can you think of a function that is not one-
to-one?
Onto Functions (Surjective)
● Every element of the codomain is paired with at least one
element of the domain
● The range equals the codomain
● Example: f(x) = x^3 is onto for real numbers
● How can you determine if a function is onto by looking at its
graph?
Bijective Functions
● Both one-to-one and onto
● Creates a perfect pairing between domain and codomain
● Example: f(x) = 3x + 2 is bijective for real numbers
● Why do bijective functions always have inverses?
Piecewise Functions
● Defined by multiple sub-functions over different intervals
● Example: f(x) = {x^2 if x < 0, 2x if x ≥ 0}
● Useful for modeling complex relationships
● Can you think of a real-world scenario where a piecewise
function would be appropriate?
Function
Transformations
● Vertical shift: f(x) + k
● Horizontal shift: f(x - h)
● Vertical stretch/compression: af(x)
● Horizontal stretch/compression: f(bx)
● How would you describe the
transformation from y = x^2 to y = 2(x -
3)^2 + 1?
Absolute Value Functions
● f(x) = |x| represents the distance from 0 on a number line
● V-shaped graph with vertex at the origin
● Properties: |x| = |-x|, |ab| = |a||b|
● How does the graph of y = |x - 2| differ from y = |x|?
Polynomial Functions

● Functions of the form f(x) = an*x^n + an-


1*x^(n-1) + ... + a1*x + a0
● Degree: highest power of x in the
polynomial
● Examples: linear (degree 1), quadratic
(degree 2), cubic (degree 3)
● What's the relationship between a
polynomial's degree and its maximum
number of roots?
Rational Functions
● Ratio of two polynomial functions: f(x) = P(x) / Q(x)
● Domain excludes values that make Q(x) = 0
● Can have vertical and horizontal asymptotes
● How do you find the vertical asymptotes of a rational function?
Exponential Functions

● Form: f(x) = a * b^x, where a ≠ 0 and b >


0, b ≠ 1
● Always positive for a > 0
● Exhibit rapid growth or decay
● Can you give an example of exponential
growth in the real world?
Logarithmic Functions
● Inverse of exponential functions
● Form: f(x) = logb(x), where b is the base
● Domain: x > 0
● What's the relationship between log2(8) and 2^3?
Trigonometric
Functions
● Periodic functions based on angles or
rotation
● Main functions: sine, cosine, tangent
● Domains and ranges vary for each
function
● How does the period of y = sin(2x)
compare to y = sin(x)?
Implicit Functions
● Relationship between x and y not expressed as y = f(x)
● Example: x^2 + y^2 = 25 (equation of a circle)
● Can sometimes be rewritten as explicit functions
● Why might it be challenging to express y as a function of x for
x^3 + y^3 = 6xy?
Parametric Functions

● Express x and y in terms of a third


variable (parameter)
● Useful for describing curves and motion
● Example: x = cos(t), y = sin(t) describes a
circle
● How would you parameterize a straight
line?
Conclusion: The Power of Functions and Relations

● Functions and relations are essential tools in mathematics


● They help model real-world phenomena and solve complex
problems
● Understanding different types of functions expands problem-
solving capabilities
● How might you apply these concepts in your field of study?

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