SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.
17EC327 – WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
MODULE – 2 - MOBILE RADIO
PROPAGATION AND MULTIPLEXING
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COURSE CONTENTS
•Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation,
• Free Space Propagation Model,
• The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms - Reflection,
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model, Diffraction,
Scattering
• Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
• Types of Small-Scale Fading - Rayleigh and Ricean
Distributions
• Multiplexing - Introduction to Multiple access
• FDMA
• TDMA
• Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
• SDMA
• OFDMA
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• Clear , unobstructed line-of-sight path between transmitter and
receiver.
• Satellite Communication and microwave links undergo free space
propagation.
• T-R separation distance – a power law function
• Based on Friis free space equation,
– Pr(d) = Free space power received by the antenna
– d = Distance (T-R separation)
– Pt = Transmitted power
– Gt = Transmitter Antenna Gain
– Gr = Receiver Antenna Gain
– L = System Loss factor
– ƛ = wavelength
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• The gain of an antenna is related to its effective
aperture, given by:
• Ae is related to physical size and ƛ is related to
carrier frequency by:
• Miscellaneous losses L, are usually due to
transmission line attenuation, filter losses and
antenna losses in the communication system.
• L=1 indicates no loss in the system hardware.
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• Isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which radiates
power with unit gain uniformly in all directions.
• Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is given by:
• Path loss (PL) represents signal attenuation as a
positive quantity measured in dB, defined as the
difference between the effective transmitted power
and the received power. PL with antenna gains is
given by:
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• When the antenna gains are excluded, the antennas
are assumed to have unity gain and PL is given by:
• Friis space is valid only for received power and are
in the far field of transmitting antenna.
• Fraunhofer region – region beyond the far-field
distance (df ), related to largest linear dimension of
the transmitter antenna aperture and the carrier
wavelength.
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• Where D is the largest physical linear dimension
of the antenna and to be in far-field region, d f
must satisfy: df >> D and df >> ƛ
• The received power in free space at a distance
greater than d0 is given by:
where d0 is the received power reference point,
Pr (d) is the received power and Pr (d0) is the
received power at close-in-distance, d f is the far-
field distance.
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• In mobile radio systems, it is common to find P r that
may change by many orders of magnitude over a
coverage area.
• Here the received power in dBm is given by:
• Reference distance (d0) for practical systems using
low-gain antennas in the 1-2 GHz region is typically
chosen to be in 1m in indoor and 1km in outdoor
environments so that the above equation can be
multiplied by 10.
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• Path loss computations are easy in dB units.
• In telecommunication, the free-space path loss (FSPL)
is the attenuation of radio energy between the feed
points of two antennas that results from the combination
of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle
free, line-of-sight path through free space (usually air).
• The "Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas", IEEE
Std 145-1993, defines "free-space loss" as "The loss
between two isotropic radiators in free space, expressed
as a power ratio.“
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FREE SPACE PROPAGATION
• It does not include any power loss in the antennas themselves
due to imperfections such as resistance.
• Free space loss increases with the square of distance
between the antennas because the radio waves spread out
due the inverse square law and decreases with the square of
the wavelength of the radio waves.
• The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a part of the
Friis transmission formula, which includes the gain of
antennas.
• It is a factor that must be included in the power link budget of a
radio communication system, to ensure that sufficient radio
power reaches the receiver that the transmitted signal is
received intelligibly.
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FSP ADVANTAGES
• Free Space Optics (FSO) has become a viable,
high-bandwidth wireless alternative to fiber optic
cabling.
• The primary advantages of FSO over fiber are
its rapid deployment time and significant cost
savings.
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FSP PROBLEMS
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