Jobkey University

• Faculty of ICT
• Course: Procedural Language
• C-Language
• Instructor: Eng. Abdikani Dhuhul

1
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 Chapter 1:

Introduction to Computers and

Programming

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 1.1

• Why Program?

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Why Program?
Computer – programmable machine designed
to follow instructions
Program – instructions in computer memory to
make it something
Programmer – person who writes instructions
(programs) to make computer perform a task

SO, without programmers, no programs;

without programs, a computer cannot do
anything

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 1.2
• Computer Systems:
Hardware and Software

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Main Hardware Component
Categories:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Main Memory
3. Secondary Memory / Storage
4. Input Devices
5. Output Devices

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Main Hardware Component
Categories

Figure 1-2

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Comprised of:
Control Unit
Retrieves and decodes program instructions
Coordinates activities of all other parts of computer
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Hardware optimized for high-speed numeric
calculation
Hardware designed for true/false, yes/no decisions

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CPU Organization

Figure 1-3

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Main Memory
• It is volatile. Main memory is erased when
program terminates or computer is turned off
• Also called Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Organized as follows:
– bit: smallest piece of memory. Has values 0 (off,
false) or 1 (on, true)
– byte: 8 consecutive bits. Bytes have addresses.

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Secondary Storage
• Non-volatile: data retained when program
is not running or computer is turned off
• Comes in a variety of media:
– magnetic: floppy disk, hard drive
– optical: CD-ROM, DVD
– Flash drives, connected to the USB port

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Input Devices
• Devices that send information to the
computer from outside
• Many devices can provide input:
– Keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera,
microphone
– Disk drives, CD drives, and DVD drives

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Software-Programs That Run on a
Computer
• Categories of software:
– System software: programs that manage the
computer hardware and the programs that run
on them. Examples: operating systems, utility
programs, software development tools
– Application software: programs that provide
services to the user. Examples : word
processing, games, programs to solve
specific problems

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 1.3
• Programs and
Programming Languages

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Programs and Programming
Languages
• A program is a set of instructions that the
computer follows to perform a task

• We start with an algorithm, which is a set

of well-defined steps.

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Example Algorithm for Calculating
Gross Pay

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Machine Language
• Although the previous algorithm defines
the steps for calculating the gross pay, it is
not ready to be executed on the computer.
• The computer only executes machine
language instructions

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Machine Language
• Machine language instructions are binary
numbers, such as

1011010000000101

• Rather than writing programs in machine

language, programmers use programming
languages.

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Programs and Programming
Languages
• Types of languages:

– Low-level: used for

communication with computer
hardware directly. Often written
in binary machine code (0’s/1’s)
directly.

– High-level: closer to human

language

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Some Well-Known Programming
Languages (Table 1-1 on Page 10)

C++
BASIC Ruby
FORTRAN
Java
Visual Basic
COBOL
C#
JavaScript
C Python
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From a High-Level Program to an
Executable File

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Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs)
• An integrated development environment,
or IDE, combine all the tools needed to
write, compile, and debug a program into a
single software application.
• Examples are Microsoft Visual C++, Turbo
C++ Explorer, CodeWarrior, etc.

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Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs)

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 1.4
• What is a Program Made of?

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What is a Program Made of?
• Common elements in programming
languages:
– Key Words
– Programmer-Defined Identifiers
– Operators
– Punctuation
– Syntax

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Program 1-1

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Key Words
• Also known as reserved words
• Have a special meaning in C/C++
• Can not be used for any other purpose
• Key words in the Program 1-1: using,
namespace, int, double, and return

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Key Words

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Programmer-Defined Identifiers
• Names made up by the programmer
• Not part of the C/C++ language
• Used to represent various things: variables
(memory locations), functions, etc.
• In Program 1-1: hours, rate, and pay.

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Operators
• Used to perform operations on data
• Many types of operators:
– Arithmetic - ex: +,-,*,/
– Assignment – ex: =

• Some operators in Program1-1:

<< >> = *

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Operators

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Punctuation
• Characters that mark the end of a
statement, or that separate items in a list
• In Program 1-1: , and ;

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Punctuation

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Syntax
• The rules of grammar that must be
followed when writing a program
• Controls the use of key words, operators,
programmer-defined symbols, and
punctuation

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Variables
• A variable is a named storage location in
the computer’s memory for holding a piece
of data.
• In Program 1-1 we used three variables:
– The hours variable was used to hold the
hours worked
– The rate variable was used to hold the pay
rate
– The pay variable was used to hold the gross
pay

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Variable Definitions
• To create a variable in a program you
must write a variable definition (also called
a variable declaration)

• Here is the statement from Program 1-1

that defines the variables:

double hours, rate, pay;

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Variable Definitions
• There are many different types of data,
which you will learn about in this course.

• A variable holds a specific type of data.

• The variable definition specifies the type of

data a variable can hold, and the variable
name.

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 1.5
• Procedural and Object-
Oriented Programming

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Procedural and Object-Oriented
Programming
• Procedural programming: focus on the
process. Procedures/functions are written
to process data.
• Object-Oriented programming: focus is on
objects, which contain data and the means
to manipulate the data. Messages sent to
objects to perform operations.

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 END CHAPTER

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